for - The word translated as "for" introduces a reason or explanation so "because" and, in questions, "why." However, since this word always appears in the second position, it is more like an aside remark like, "as an explanation" or "as a cause". 

the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, "the," which usually precedes a noun. Without a noun, it has the sense of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more. 

Holy -   The Greek word translated as "holy" means "dedicated to the divine", which itself means both "pure" since things dedicated to God were first purified and "accursed" since using such things for your own purposes carried a punishment. 

Spirit - The word translated as "spirit" primarily means "breath", "wind," a "non-material being", and "blast." Like "spirit" in English, it can also mean "attitude" or "motivation.' It also means the "breath of life," from which we get to "spirit" and "spiritual." Its meaning as "the breath of life" is brought out by the idea of creating life. Its meaning as "spiritual" is brought out by the contrast with "physical". Read more about this word in this article on the holy spirit. 

will -- This helping verb "will" indicates that the verb is the future tense. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English.

teach  - The Greek verb translated as "shall teach" means "to teach", "to instruct", and "to give a sign of." It is in the future tense. 

you The "you" here is plural, indicating Christ's listeners as the object of the verb.

at - The word translated as "in" also means "within", "with," or "among." About time it means "during the time," "in the time," "within," and "in."

that -- The word translated as "that" is the Greek definite article, "the," which usually precedes a noun. Without a noun, it has the sense of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more. 

missing "same"  -- (MW) The untranslated word  "same" is the Greek word commonly translated as third-person pronouns in English. It also means "itself," and "the same."

time - The word translated as "time " means a period of time equal to the one-twelfth part of the daylight, like an "hour." More generally, it means a period of time, like a "season."

what  - The word translated as "what" is a demonstrative pronoun ("this" "that"), but it often acts as a pronoun ("the one that), especially a connective pronoun ("the one that") introducing a dependent clause.

you -- (WW) This is from the third-person, singular form of the verb. It is not the second-person.

should - (WW)  The Greek verb translated as "should" is a special verb that means  "it is needful," and "there is a need." It is always singular referring to a specific moment in the past, present, or future. It works something like our word "must," but its form is fixed. So there is no "you" in this verb, just necessity itself.  The ordinary way of say "must" in Greek is "it needs" followed by an infinitive. However, here, the "it" can also refer to the spirit, which is a neuter noun. 

say. - (WF) "Say" is from the Greek verb that means "to say" and "to speak" also. However, it has less a sense of teaching and more a sense of addressing and proclaiming. This is not an active verb but an infinitive.