But -- (CW) The word translated as "but"  is a less common preposition used like a conjunction that means "except," "save," with an object in the possessive form, or "besides," and "in addition to." Often used with the negative as a conjunction, "except not." Used to change the subject, "except," "however," "only," and "but."

woe -- "Woe" is an exclamation of grief, meaning "woe" or "alas." Jesus uses it humorously. Today we would say "so sad for you" or "boo-hoo to you." The word is very like the Jewish, "oy vey" which can be used to express sorrow but is more commonly used cynically. More about this phrase in this article on Christ's humor, under the subtitle, "exaggeration."

to -- This word "to" comes from the dative case of the following word that requires the addition of a preposition in English. The most common is a "to" for the English indirect object. However, the translator can choose other prepositions: "with,"  "in,"   "of,"  "as," "by," "for," "at," or "on" depending on the context.

you - The Greek pronoun "you" here is plural and in the form of an indirect object, "to you," "for you," etc. As the object of a preposition, this form implies no movement, but in a fixed position or events occur at a specified time or while the action was being performed. With the "to be," it acts as a possessive, "yours."

who -- (WW) The word translated as "who" is the Greek definite article, "the," which usually precedes a noun. Without a noun, it has the sense of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more.  This word is not singular but plural. There should be a different word here. 

are -- (IW) There is nothing that can be translated as "are" in the Greek source. 

rich! -- "Rich man" is from an adjective that means "rich," and "opulent." It very much has the sense of ostentatiously rich. Here, it is used with an article, "the rich" but unlike English the sense is not a group of people, which would be plural, not singular, but "one who is wealthy."

for -- The word translated as "for" introduces a statement of fact or cause, "for what," "because," "since," and "wherefore." Jesus usually uses this word to mean "because" in statements that seem like an answer to a question because of the change of context.

ye -- This is from the second-person, plural form of the verb.

have -- (WT) This helping verb "have" indicates that the verb is the tense indicating an action completed in the past. This is not the tense of the verb here.

already  -- (IW) There is nothing that can be translated as "already  " in the Greek source. 

received -- (CW)"Received" is from a verb that literally means "to have from" or "to keep from." The "have from" meaning in business translations becomes "to receive payment in full" or "collected all" The sense of "keep from" means  "to keep off or away from" or "to hold away from." So this word not only has a double meaning but , amusingly,  almost contradictory meanings.   This is not the word usually translated as "received."

your  .-- The word translated as "your" is a plural, second-person pronoun in the genitive case. This pronoun follows the noun so the possessive "of yours."

missing "the/this"  -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article," the," which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," and "those"). See this article for more. 

comfort. - The Greek word translated as "comfort" means to "calling to one's aid", "summons", "imploring", "appealing", "invocation of gods",  "exhortation", and "address". It does not mean "comfort" or "sympathy" like "consolation" does. The sense is more of making an "appeal," "solicitation," or "petition.".