Some  - "Some" is a Greek adjective that means "another," "one besides," "of another sort," "different," and similar meanings. It also have the sense of "wrong" and "not right." Since "seeds" are the reference, it is plural and neuter. It has the form of a subject.

missing "however"  -- (MW) The untranslated word for "but" that joins phrases in an adversarial way. Since it always falls in the second position, translating it as "however" often captures its feeling better.

fell  - "Fell" is translated from a Greek word that means "to fall" and "to fall down." Like our word "to fall" it has a number of special meanings including "to fall into a given class," "to prostrate," "to fall from power," "to perish," and so on. The verb is singular, but a plural, neuter subject is treated as a group.

upon -  The word translated as "upon" means "against," "before," "by" or "on."

missing "the"  -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the ones." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more. 

stony, -  "Stony" is from an adjective that means "rocklike" and "stony." It is introduced by an article ("the"), so "the stony ones" or "the rocky ones ." The metaphor here is a hardness of mind.

places -- (IW) There is nothing that can be translated as "places" in the Greek source.

where  - "Where" is an adverb that means "somewhere," "anywhere," "wherever," and "where."

they -- (WN) This is from the third-person, singular form of the verb. While we don't have noun gender, we could refer to a group of seeds as "it" without a problem.

had  - The verb translated as "had" means "to possess," "to hold," or "to keep." It is singular and in the past tense and the negative, "it didn't hold." The verb is singular, not plural.

not  - The Greek negative "not" here is the negative of fact. The negative later in the verse is the negative of opinion. It negates the verb, "not have" rather than the "much."

much  - The word translated as "much" means many in number, great in power or worth, and large in size.

earth: The word translated as "earth" means the physical planet and, generally, "the ground." Like our English word "earth," it means both the dirt and the planet.

and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis ("also").

forthwith  - "Forthwith" is from an adverb that means "straight," "direct," and "straight away."

they -- (WN) This is from the third-person, singular form of the verb. While we don't have noun gender, we could refer to a group of seeds as "it" without a problem.

sprung  - "Sprung up" is from a verb which means "to cause to spring from." It also it is singular, not plural. It is a form of the verb starting the next verse translated as "was up." This verb is singular, not plural.

up, -- This is from the prefix of the previous verb that means "out of."

because  - The word translated as "because" means "through," in the midst of," "because of" or "by (a cause)."

they -- (WN) This is from the third-person, singular form of the verb. While we don't have noun gender, we could refer to a group of seeds as "it" without a problem.

had  - (WF) The word translated as "had" means "to possess," "to hold," or "to keep." However, it is an infinitive, introduced by an article, so it takes on the role of a noun in the negative, so "the lack." However, the verb is singular, not plural. It is also not an active verb. It is an infinitive, "to have." With the negative, it works like "want to have" because of the form of negative used or, more simply, "not having."

no  - (CW) The negative "no" used here is the Greek negative of a subjective opinion, commands, and requests.  This is a change from the previous negative. The sense is about opinions not reality, often best expressed as "not wanting" or "not thinking." It is also the relative negative, used in comparisons, which is its use here. However, the use of this form adds a double meaning if Jesus is addressing the depth of someone's mind and desire.

deepness  - "Deepness" is a Greek noun that means "height" or "depth" measuring up or down. In Greek, it was also used as a metaphor (as it is in English) for depth of mind, e.g. "He is deep." The exact phrase here is "no seeming depth" which we would describe in English as "shallowness."

of -- This word "of"  comes from the genitive case of the following word that requires the addition of a preposition in English.  The most common is the "of" of possession.

earth: -- The word for "earth" appears again, but if we interpret it in the context of a persons mind, it becomes someone's "ground" or "grounding" in reality. However, in terms of the seeds, it is the dirt.