For --The word translated as "for" introduces a reason or explanation so "because" and, in questions, "why." However, since this word always appears in the second position, it is more like an aside remark like, "consequently" or "as a cause." 

what  - The word translated as "what" can also be translated as "who," or "why." However, it usually acts as a question word in short phrases, not long sentences so we should see this first clause as short.

is -- (WT) This helping verb "is" indicates that the verb is passive. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English. However, the verb is not the present tense but the future so it should be "will be."

a -- There is no indefinite article in Greek, but when a word doesn't have a definite article, the indefinite article can be added in English translation.

man -- The Greek word for "man" means "man," "person" and "humanity" in the singular. In the plural, it means "men," "people," and "peoples." 

profited,  - The word translated as "profited" is in the future tense, not the past as it appears in the KJV. It means "being helped or aided."

if . -- (CW) The Greek word here, meaning "if might," indicates more of an expectation of something happening than "if" alone. This is how we use the word "when."

he -- This is from the third-person, singular form of the verb.

shall -- (CW) This helping verb "shall" does not indicate the future tense, but that the verb describes a possibility, the subjunctive voice. A "might" or "should" in English is more appropriate, but is assumed in an "if/when/whoever/except" clause. Helping verbs are not needed in Greek since the main verb carries this information in its form.

gain  - The word translated as "gain" means, interestingly enough, to gain in the sense of gain an advantage and, interestingly enough, "to derive a profit." But in a phrase like this, we might normally say "win over."

the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more. 

whole -- The word translated as "whole" means something that is "complete" or "the whole" of something, and can mean "the whole universe" as well as being "safe and sound" in being kept "whole."

world, - The word translated as "world" doesn't mean the planet, but the idea, especially as Christ uses it, is more like we use the word "society," that is, the world of men, its power structures, and its values. More about this word and related words in this article.

and -- (WW) The Greek word translated as "but" means "but," "however," and "on the other hand." It joins phrases in an adversarial way. Since it always falls in the second position, translating it as "however" often captures its feeling better.  

lose  - (CW, WF) The word translated as "lose" doesn't means "lose" except in the sense of a financial loss. Its primary meaning is"to damage." It is passive, describing something that might happen. In English, we don't say "he might suffer a financial loss of a soul," but we would say, "it might cost." This is not the same, common Greek word as the "lose" in the previous verse. This is a rare word only used here and in its parallels in Mark and Luke.

his -- The word translated as "his" is the Greek word commonly translated as third-person pronouns in English. This pronoun follows the noun so "of his."

missing "that"  -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more. 

own -- (IW) There is nothing that can be translated as "own" in the Greek source. To create this sense, a different word for "his" would be used.

soul?  - (CW) --The word translated here as "soul" is psyche, a common word in Greek, familiar in English, meaning "life," "soul," "consciousness," and "a sense of self."  In the previous verse, it was translated as "life." Jesus uses it to specifically mean our identity in our worldly life, the role we play on earth, what we might call the "social self," or what we commonly call our "ego." See this article for detail about this word and related words.

or -- "Or" is translated from a Greek word that means primarily "or" but serves as "than" in a comparison.

what - The word translated as "what" can also be translated as "who," or "why." However, it usually acts as a question word in short phrases, not long sentences so we should see this first clause as short.

shall -- This helping verb "shall" indicates that the verb is the future tense. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English.

a -- There is no indefinite article in Greek, but when a word doesn't have a definite article, the indefinite article can be added in English translation.

man -- The Greek word for "man" means "man," "person" and "humanity" in the singular. In the plural, it means "men," "people," and "peoples." 

give -  The word translated as "give" means "to give," "to grant," "to hand over," "appoint," "establish," and "to describe." It is in the future tense.

in exchange  - The word translated as "exchange" is a noun that means that which is traded in an exchange. This word is also rare, appearing only here and in the parallel verse in Mark. This sense is a "price," that is, the second part of an exchange for goods.

for  - This word "for"  comes from the genitive case of the following word that required the addition of a preposition in English.  The most common is the "of" of possession. However, it can also mean "belonging to," "part of," "which is," "than" (in comparisons), or  "for," "concerning" or "about" with transitive verbs. The verb "give" is transitive.

his -- The word translated as "his" is the Greek word commonly translated as third-person pronouns in English. This pronoun follows the noun so "of his."

missing "that"  -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more.

soul?  - (CW) --The word translated here as "soul" is psyche, a common word in Greek, familiar in English, meaning "life," "soul," "consciousness," and "a sense of self."  In the previous verse, it was translated as "life." Jesus uses it to mean our identity in our worldly life specifically, the role we play on earth, what we might call the "social self," or what we commonly call our "ego." See this article for detail about this word and related words.