Jesus washes everyone's feet and puts on his clothes and tells them to learn what he has done for them.
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John 13:18 I speak not of you all: I know whom I have chosen: but that the scripture may be fulfilled, He that eateth bread with me hath lifted up his heel against me.
John 13:18 “I am not referring to all of you; I know those I have chosen. But this is to fulfill this passage of Scripture: ‘He who shared my bread has turned against me.
Not about all of you do I speak. I myself know everyone I have selected. Instead, so the writing might be fulfilled, "the one gnawing of me, this loaf raised against me that heel of his."
I life up my heels when I stand on tiptoes. Does that make greater?
The Biblical quote is a reference to Psalm 41:9 (see the comparison of two in Greek). Jesus, however, changes two key verbs in it. He changes the common word meaning "eat" used in Psalms to the humorous word meaning "chomp" or "gnaw." This is clearly to make this statement seem somewhat more light-hearted.
Jesus also changes the verb translated as "lift up" from a different Greek verb than the one in Psalms that means "make great," "magnify" and "exalt." The original Hebrew word also primarily means "make great." The word that Jesus uses also secondarily means "magnify" and "exalt," but it is a verb he seldom uses. In every other verse in which he uses it, he uses it to refer to "lifting up" the eyes to see something. The Hebrew source word is almost always used on the OT in a positive sense. "Lift up" perhaps makes more sense than the original. What does it means to "make great against me, those heels of his?"
If the verb is confusing, the entire phrase is more so, "lifting up/exalting against me those heels of his." The preposition translated as "against" has a lot of other meanings though the word form of "heel" limits them. Jesus uses the word "heel" only in this verse. It doesn't quite match the noun in Psalms, which is from the same root, but a version of the unknown elsewhere. The source Hebrew word, ʿāqēḇ, means "heel," "footprint," "hooves" of horses, and the hind part of things, such as the rear of an army. Biblical interpretations suggest that "lifting up" a heel means tripping someone or kicking them. However, the Hebrew word and original Greek word for "lifting up" are basically positive, while Jesus replaced it with a word that isn't really negative. Could Jesus intentionally be trying to confuse his listeners?
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- CW - Confusing Word -- The "of" does not capture the specific meaning of the word.
- MW -- Missing Word -- The pronoun repeats the information in the verb so it should be repeated in English like "I myself."
- WT - Wrong Tense - The verb "have" indicates the past perfect tense, but the tense is something that happens at a specific point in time (past, present, or future).
- CW - Confusing Word -- The "but" is not the common word usually translated as "but."
- CW - Confusing Word -- The "scripture" does not capture the general meaning of the word.
- CW - Confusing Word -- The "he" is not the common word usually translated as "he."
- IW - Inserted Word -- The word "that" doesn't exist in the source.
- CW - Confusing Word -- The "eat" does not capture the specific meaning of the word.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "the/this" before "bread" is not shown in the English translation.
- OS -- Outdated Source -- The Greek word translated as "with" existed in the KJV Greek source but not the source we use today.
- WT - Wrong Tense - The verb "hath" indicates the past perfect tense, but the tense is something that happens at a specific point in time (past, present, or future).
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "the/this" before "heel" is not shown in the English translation.
- WW - Wrong Word -- The word translated as "referring" should be something more like "speak."
- CW - Confusing Word -- The "of" does not capture the specific meaning of the word.
- MW -- Missing Word -- The pronoun repeats the information in the verb so it should be repeated in English like "I myself."
- WT - Wrong Tense - The verb "have" indicates the past perfect tense, but the tense is something that happens at a specific point in time (past, present, or future).
- CW - Confusing Word -- The "but" is not the common word usually translated as "but."
- CW - Confusing Word -- The "this is to" does not capture the specific meaning of the word.
- WM - Wrong Mood- The "fulfill" is not an indicative verb but one of possibility, "may"
- WV - Wrong Voice- The "fulfill" is not an active verb but a passive one, "be fulfilled."
- IP - Inserted Phrase-- The phrase "passage of" doesn't exist in the source.
- CW - Confusing Word -- The "scripture" does not capture the general meaning of the word.
- WF - Wrong Form - The "scripture" is not a possessive but the subject of the verb "fulfill."
- CW - Confusing Word -- The "he" is not the common word usually translated as "he."
- IW - Inserted Word -- The word "who" doesn't exist in the source.
- WW - Wrong Word -- The word translated as "shared" should be something more like "munch."
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "the/this" before "bread" is not shown in the English translation.
- WT - Wrong Tense - The verb "has" indicates the past perfect tense, but the tense is something that happens at a specific point in time (past, present, or future).
- WW - Wrong Word -- The word translated as "turned" should be something more like "turned."
- WW - Wrong Word -- The word translated as "shared" should be something more like "munch."
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "the/this" before "heel" is not shown in the English translation.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "heel" is not shown in the English translation.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "of his" after "heel" is not shown in the English translation.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "of his" after "heel" is not shown in the English translation.
I -- This is from the first-person, singular form of the verb.
speak -- The word translated as "speak" is the most common word that means "to say," "to tell," and "to speak," but when used with an objective noun or pronoun, the sense is "say of" or "speak of."
not -- The Greek word translated as "not" is the Greek negative used to deny objective facts, not opinions. It means "no," "not," or"no truly." It makes a negative statement of fact. Adding "really" to the sentence captures the same idea. When a negative precedes the verb, it affects the whole clause. When it precedes other words, its force is limited to those words.
of -- (CW) The Greek word translated as "of" means "around" when referring to a place, but in referring to a subject, it means "about," "concerning," "on account of," and "in regard to." This is the way Jesus usually uses it. It is not the word form usually translated as "of."
you -- The word translated as "you" is a plural, second-person pronoun in the genitive case. This pronoun follows the noun so the possessive "of yours."
all: -- The word translated as "all" is the Greek adjective meaning "all," "the whole," "every," and similar ideas. When it is used as a noun, we would say "everything." As an adverb, it means "in every way," "on every side," and "altogether."
I - The pronoun "I" is used here. Since, as the subject of the sentence, it is part of the verb, its explicit use accentuates who is speaking "I." Saying "I myself" captures this feeling in English.
missing "myself" -- (MW) The subjective pronoun repeats the information in the verb so it should be repeated in English like "I myself."
know -- The word translated as "know" means primarily "to see" and is used to mean "know' as we use the word "see" to mean "know" in English. It is the past perfect tense so "have seen" but it is translated as the present tense of "know." What someone "has seen" is what they "know" in the present.
whom -- The Greek word translated as "whom" in the singular means "anyone," "someone," "something," and "anything." The same forms are used both for the masculine or feminine so "anyone" works best for a person. In the plural, it means "everyone," "some," "they," and "those." Jesus often uses it to start a question so it means "who," "what," or even "why."
I -- This is from the first-person, singular form of the verb.
have -- (WT) This helping verb "have" indicates that the verb is the tense indicating an action completed in the past. This is not the tense of the verb here.
chosen: - The verb "chosen" means "to pick out" and "to single out." It is in the middle voice, so the sense is "for myself," or "by myself."
but -- (CW) The Greek word translated as "but" denotes an exception or simple opposition. It is used to emphasize the contrast between things like we use "instead," "but instead,"or "rather." It is not the common word usually translated as "but." It is the Greek word "other" like we use "otherwise." Jesus often uses this conjunction to connect a negative clause, "not this," with a positive one, "instead this." CW - Confusing Word -- The "but" is not the common word usually translated as "but."
that -- The word translated as "that" is a conjunction that starts a subordinate clause "that," "when," "in order that" or "because."
the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, without a noun, it has the sense of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more.
scripture -- - (CW) "Scripture" is a noun that means "writing", "the art of writing," and "that which is written," so, the "writing." It doesn't have the specific sense of religious writing that "scriptures" does. It might also be worth noting that the Greek word translated as "scriptures" literally means "a drawing." For the Greeks, both drawings and words created a "picture" or a man-made, artificial representation of reality.
may -- This helping verb "may" indicates that the verb indicates a possibility, the subjunctive. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English.
be -- This helping verb "be" indicates that the verb is passive. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English.
fulfilled, -- "Fulfilled" is a verb that means "to fill," "to fulfill," and "to fill full."
He-- (CW) The word translated as "he" is the Greek definite article, without a noun, it has the sense of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more.
that -- (IW) There is nothing that can be translated as "that" in the Greek source. It was added because the next verb was translated as active rather than as a participle.
eateth - (CW) The Greek verb translated as "eating" means "to gnaw," "to nibble," and "munch," but it usually refers to herbivorous animals. It specifically means to eat vegetables or fruit. This is the least common and most humorous word Jesus uses for eating. It is different than the Greek word used in the OT Psalms quote which was the most common word with the simple sense of just "eating."
missing "the/this" -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article,"the," which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more.
bread -- The word translated as "bread" means "small loaf or cake of bread." It is more like a slice of bread today. It describes a thin 1/2 inch thick round or an oblong loaf of wheat bread, meant to be torn into pieces and not cut. It was closer to a flour tortilla or a piece of pan than a loaf of bread. "Bread" is one of Christ's most basic symbols, representing temporary physical nourishment as contrasted with permanent spiritual nourishment.
with -- (OS) There is nothing in the Greek that can be translated as "also" in the source we use today but it does exist in the source that the KJV translators used.
me -- "Me" is the first-person possessive singular pronoun. This pronoun follows the noun so "of mine."
hath -- (WT) This helping verb "hath" indicates that the verb is the tense indicating an action completed in the past. This is not the tense of the verb here.
lifted up - the word translated as "lift up" means "lift up," "exalt," "magnify," "set on," "raise," "stir up," "excite," "urge on," and "persuade." This is also a different verb in the OT quote, but that verb was more confusing, meaning primarily to "make great," and so to "exalt," or "magnify." That word has a secondary meaning of "aggravating" a crime. The Hebrew verb is almost always used in a positive sense.
his -- The word translated as "his" is the Greek word commonly translated as third-person pronouns in English. This pronoun follows the noun so "of his."
missing "the/this" -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article,"the," which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more.
heel - "Heel" is a Greek noun that means "heel", "the under part of the heel", "hoof", "heel [of a shoe]", "foot," or a lower part of anything." Jesus only uses this word here, which is common when he is quoting the OT.
against -- The word translated as "against" means "on," "over," "upon," "against," "before," "after," "during," "by" "in the case of."
me. - "Me" is the regular first-person pronoun in Greek as the object of the verb or preposition. As the object of a preposition, an accusative object indicates movement towards something or a position reached as a result of that movement.
I -- This is from the first-person, singular form of the verb.
am -- This helping verb indicates the present tense of the verb. It is used here to form the present, progressive tense, which doesn't exist in Greek but which can smooth the flow of English sentences.
referring -- (WW) The word translated as "referring " is the most common word that means "to say," "to tell," and "to speak," but when used with an objective noun or pronoun, the sense is "say of" or "speak of."
not -- The Greek word translated as "not" is the Greek negative used to deny objective facts, not opinions. It means "no," "not," or"no truly." It makes a negative statement of fact. Adding "really" to the sentence captures the same idea. When a negative precedes the verb, it affects the whole clause. When it precedes other words, its force is limited to those words.
all: -- The word translated as "all" is the Greek adjective meaning "all," "the whole," "every," and similar ideas. When it is used as a noun, we would say "everything." As an adverb, it means "in every way," "on every side," and "altogether."
of -- (CW) The Greek word translated as "of" means "around" when referring to a place, but in referring to a subject, it means "about," "concerning," "on account of," and "in regard to." This is the way Jesus usually uses it. It is not the word form usually translated as "of."
you -- The word translated as "you" is a plural, second-person pronoun in the genitive case. This pronoun follows the noun so the possessive "of yours."
I - The pronoun "I" is used here. Since, as the subject of the sentence, it is part of the verb, its explicit use accentuates who is speaking "I." Saying "I myself" captures this feeling in English.
missing "myself" -- (MW) The subjective pronoun repeats the information in the verb so it should be repeated in English like "I myself."
know -- The word translated as "know" means primarily "to see" and is used to mean "know' as we use the word "see" to mean "know" in English. It is the past perfect tense so "have seen" but it is translated as the present tense of "know." What someone "has seen" is what they "know" in the present.
those -- The Greek word translated as "whom" in the singular means "anyone," "someone," "something," and "anything." The same forms are used both for the masculine or feminine so "anyone" works best for a person. In the plural, it means "everyone," "some," "they," and "those." Jesus often uses it to start a question so it means "who," "what," or even "why."
I -- This is from the first-person, singular form of the verb.
have -- (WT) This helping verb "have" indicates that the verb is the tense indicating an action completed in the past. This is not the tense of the verb here.
chosen: - The verb "chosen" means "to pick out" and "to single out." It is in the middle voice, so the sense is "for myself," or "by myself."
But -- (CW) The Greek word translated as "but" denotes an exception or simple opposition. It is used to emphasize the contrast between things like we use "instead," "but instead,"or "rather." It is not the common word usually translated as "but." It is the Greek word "other" like we use "otherwise." Jesus often uses this conjunction to connect a negative clause, "not this," with a positive one, "instead this."
this is to -- (CW) The word translated as "this it to" is a conjunction that starts a subordinate clause "that," "when," "in order that" or "because."
fulfill -- (WM, WV) "Fulfill" is a verb that means "to fill," "to fulfill," and "to fill full." This is a passive, subjective verb, "may be fulfilled."
this -- The word translated as "this" is the Greek definite article, without a noun, it has the sense of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more.
passage of (IP) There is nothing that can be translated as "passage of " in the Greek source.
Scripture: (CW, WF) "Scripture" is a noun that means "writing", "the art of writing," and "that which is written," so, the "writing." It doesn't have the specific sense of religious writing that "scriptures" does. It might also be worth noting that the Greek word translated as "scriptures" literally means "a drawing." For the Greeks, both drawings and words created a "picture" or a man-made, artificial representation of reality. This is not a possessive form (of Scripture), but the subject of the verb "may be fulfilled."
He-- (CW) The word translated as "he" is the Greek definite article, without a noun, it has the sense of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more.
who -- (IW) There is nothing that can be translated as "who " in the Greek source. It was added because the next verb was translated as active rather than as a participle.
shared - (WW) The Greek verb translated as "eating" means "to gnaw," "to nibble," and "munch," but it usually refers to herbivorous animals. It specifically means to eat vegetables or fruit. This is the least common and most humorous word Jesus uses for eating. It is different than the Greek word used in the OT Psalms quote which was the most common word with the simple sense of just "eating."
missing "the/this" -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article,"the," which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more.
bread -- The word translated as "bread" means "small loaf or cake of bread." It is more like a slice of bread today. It describes a thin 1/2 inch thick round or an oblong loaf of wheat bread, meant to be torn into pieces and not cut. It was closer to a flour tortilla or a piece of pan than a loaf of bread. "Bread" is one of Christ's most basic symbols, representing temporary physical nourishment as contrasted with permanent spiritual nourishment.
has -- (WT) This helping verb "hath" indicates that the verb is the tense indicating an action completed in the past. This is not the tense of the verb here.
turned - (WW) - The word translated as "lift up" means "lift up," "exalt," "magnify," "set on," "raise," "stir up," "excite," "urge on," and "persuade." This is also a different verb in the OT quote, but that verb was more confusing, meaning primarily to "make great," and so to "exalt," or "magnify." That word has a secondary meaning of "aggravating" a crime. The Hebrew verb is almost always used in a positive sense.
missing "of his" -- (MW) The untranslated word "of his" is the Greek word commonly translated as third-person pronouns in English. This pronoun follows the noun so "of his."
missing "this" -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article,"the," which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more.
missing "heel" -- (MW) The untranslated Greek noun that means "heel", "the under part of the heel", "hoof", "heel [of a shoe]", "foot," or a lower part of anything." Jesus only uses this word here, which is common when he is quoting the OT.
missing "of his" -- (MW) The untranslated word "of his" is the Greek word commonly translated as third-person pronouns in English. This pronoun follows the noun so "of his."
against -- The word translated as "against" means "on," "over," "upon," "against," "before," "after," "during," "by" "in the case of."
me. - "Me" is the regular first-person pronoun in Greek as the object of the verb or preposition. As the object of a preposition, an accusative object indicates movement towards something or a position reached as a result of that movement.
οὐ [269 verses](partic) "Not" is ou , the negative adverb for facts and statements, negating both single words and sentences. The other negative adverb, μή applies to will and thought; οὐ denies, μή rejects; οὐ is absolute, μή relative; οὐ objective, μή subjective.
περὶ [73 verses](prep) "Of" is peri, which means "round about (Place)," "around," "about," "concerning," "on account of," "in regard to," "before," "above," "beyond," and "all around."
πάντων [212 verses](adj pl masc gen) "All" is pas, which means "all," "the whole," "every," "anyone," "all kinds," and "anything." In the adverbial form, it means "every way," "on every side," "in every way," and "altogether."
ὑμῶν [168 verses](pron 2nd pl gen) "Of you" is humon, the plural possessive form of su the pronoun of the second person, "you." It is either a possessive pronoun or the object of a preposition.
λέγω: [264 verses](1st sg pres ind act) "I speak" is lego, which means "to recount," "to tell over," "to say," "to speak," "to teach," "to mean," "boast of," "tell of," "recite," nominate," and "command." When used with an object is has the sense of "call by name." It has a secondary meaning "pick out," "choose for oneself," "pick up," "gather," "count," and "recount." A less common word that is spelled the same means "to lay," "to lay asleep" and "to lull asleep."
ἐγὼ [162 verses](pron 1st sg masc nom) "I" is ego, which is the first-person singular pronoun meaning "I." It also means "I at least," "for my part," "indeed," and for myself. -
οἶδα [38 verses](1st sg perf ind act) "Know" is oida which has the sense of "to know." This listing is not a root word, but the past perfect tense of eido, which means "to see," "to examine," "to perceive," "to behold," "to know how to do," "to see with the mind's eye," and "to know." That which "has been seen" is that which is "known." This is a somewhat legalistic idea because the truth can only be established by eyewitnesses.
τίνας [252 verses](pron pl masc/fem acc) "Whom" is tis, which can mean "someone," "something," "any one," "everyone," "they [indefinite]," "many a one," "whoever," "anyone," "anything," "some sort," "some sort of," "each," "any," "the individual," "such," and so on. In a question, it can mean "who," "why," or "what." It has specific meanings with certain prepositions, \διὰ τί; for what reason? ἐκ τίνος; from what cause? ἐς τί; to what point? to what end?
ἐξελεξάμην: [6 verses](verb 1st sg aor ind mid) "I have chosen" is eklegomai, which means "to pick out" "to single out," and "to choose for oneself."
ἀλλ᾽ [154 verses](conj) "But" is alla, which means "instead," "otherwise," "but," "still," "at least," "except," "yet," nevertheless," "rather," "moreover," and "nay."
ἵνα [134 verses](adv/conj) "That" is hina, which means "in that place," "there," "where," "when," but when beginning a phrase "that," "in order that," "when," and "because."
ἡ [821 verses](article sg fem nom) "The" is the Greek definite article, hos, ("the").
γραφὴ [13 verses](noun sg fem nom) "Scriptures" is graphe, which means "representing by means of lines," "a drawing," "writing," "the art of writing," and "that which is written."
πληρωθῇ [21 verses](verb 3rd sg aor subj pass) "May be fulfilled" is pleroo, which mean "to fill," "to fulfill," "to make complete," "to pay in full," "to make pregnant," and "to fill full."
“Ὁ [821 verses](article sg masc nom) "He" is the Greek definite article, hos, ("the"). -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, without a noun, it has the sense of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more.
τρώγων [6 verses](part sg pres act masc nom) "Eateth" is trogo, which means "to eat vegatable," "to nibble," "to munch," and "to eat fruits or desserts."
μου [239 verses](adj sg masc gen) "Me" is from mou (emou), which means "me," and "mine." As a genitive object means movement away from something or a position away from something else.
τὸν [821 verses](article sg masc acc) Untranslated is the Greek definite article, hos, ("the"). -
ἄρτον [32 verses](noun sg masc acc)"Bread" is artos, which means specifically a "cake of whole wheat bread," and generally "loaf," and "bread." This is also a different verb in the OT quote, but that verb was more confusing, meaning primarily to "make great," and so to "exalt," or "magnify." That word has a secondary meaning of "aggravating" a crime.
ἐπῆρεν [5 verses](3rd sg aor ind act) "Hath lifted up" is from epairo, which means "lift up," "set on," "raise," "exalt," "magnify," "stir up," "excite," "urge on," and "persuade." The verb in the Psalms i megalyno (μεγαλύνω) which means "to make great," "exalt," and "magnify." "To make great" and "to grow" are the primary meanings of the original Hebrew word in Psalms, gāḏal.
ἐπ᾽ [138 verses](prep) "Against" is from epi which means "on," "upon," "at," "by," "before," "across," and "against." With the object in the accusative, it means of place: "upon or on to a height," "up to," "as far as," "a little way," "a little," "towards," "to," in hostile sense: "against," of extension: "over," "over (a space)," of time: "for," "during," "up to" or "till," in a causal sense: "of (the object)," for (this purpose)," "as regards," "according to," and "by (this cause)." With verbs of perceiving, observing, judging, it means "in the case of."
ἐμὲ [49 verses](pron 1st sg masc acc) "Me" is eme, which is the objective first-person, objective, singular pronoun that means "me."-
τὴν [821 verses](article sg fem acc) Untranslated is the Greek definite article, hos, ("the"). -
πτέρναν --[1 verse](noun sg fem acc) "Heel" is from pterna, which means "heel", "the under part of the heel", "hoof", "heel [of a shoe]", "foot," or a lower part of anything." The source Hebrew word, ʿāqēḇ, means "heel," "footprint," "hoof," and the hind part of things, such as the rear of an army.
αὐτοῦ [720 verses](adj sg masc gen) "His" is autos, which means "the same," and the reflexive pronouns, "myself," "yourself," "himself," "herself," "itself," or the oblique case of the pronouns, "him," "her," and "it." In the plural, "they," "them," and "their." It also means "one's true self," that is, "the soul" as opposed to the body and "of one's own accord." In the adverbial form, it means "just here" or "exactly there."
A play on two different meanings of "lego" I didn't pick out all of you but I know who I picked out.