The Pharisees ask why Jesus's students to not fast. He says they are like groom's men at a wedding.
Luke 5:36 No man putteth a piece of a new garment upon an old; if otherwise, then both the new maketh a rent, and the piece that was taken out of the new agreeth not with the old.
Luke 5:36 No one tears a piece out of a new garment to patch an old one. Otherwise, they will have torn the new garment, and the patch from the new will not match the old.
No one patches on a patch from a cut-apart new cloak onto an old cloak. Otherwise, he indeed also cuts up the new, and the patch, the one from the new, will not go together with the old.
We should sacrifice the new to the old
Οὐδεὶς ἐπίβλημα ἀπὸ ἱματίου καινοῦ σχίσας ἐπιβάλλει ἐπὶ ἱμάτιον παλαιόν:
No one a patch from a cloak new cut-up patches onto a cloak old.
εἰ δὲ μή γε καὶ τὸ καινὸν σχίσει καὶ τῷ παλαιῷ
Otherwise indeed, just the new he cuts up and with the old
οὐ συμφωνήσει τὸ ἐπίβλημα τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ καινοῦ.
not will join the patch , the one from the old,
The words translated as "put/patch" and "piece/patch" are funny meaning "to toss on ("patch") a toss-on.("patch"). This wordplay is followed by another, the adjective "cut-up" and the verb "cut-up." Neither word translated well in the biblical versions and both referring to the "new." In the final sentence, this "cut-up of the new is contrasted with the "go together" with the old.
No man putteth(WW) a piece(CW) of a new(CW) garment(CW) (OS) upon an old (MW); if(DW) otherwise, then(DW) both (MW) the new(CW) [maketh a rent(CW)], and the piece(CW) that(CW) [was taken(IW)] out of the new(CW) agreeth(CW) not with the old.
- WW --Wrong Word -- The word translated as "put" should be something more like "patch."
- CW --Confusing Word -- The "piece" does not capture the word's specific meaning in this situation.
- CW --Confusing Word -- This is not the common word usually translated as "new."
- CW --Confusing Word -- The "garment" does not capture the word's specific meaning in this situation.
- OS -- Outdated Source -- The Greek missing participle translated as "divided" did not exist in the KJV Greek source but does in the source we use today.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "cloak" after "old" is not shown in the English translation.
- DW - Duplicated Word -- This word is translated twice here because it is included in the following word.
- DW - Duplicated Word -- This word is translated twice here because it is included in the previous word.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "certainly" after "then" is not shown in the English translation.
- CW --Confusing Word -- This is not the common word usually translated as "new."
- CW --Confusing Word -- The "makes a rent" is more specific than the word's meaning.
- CW --Confusing Word -- The "piece" does not capture the word's specific meaning in this situation.
- CW --Confusing Word -- The "that" does not capture the word's specific meaning in this situation.
- IW - Inserted Word -- The word "was taken" doesn't exist in the source.
- CW --Confusing Word -- This is not the common word usually translated as "new."
- CW --Confusing Word -- The "agree" does not capture the word's specific meaning in this situation.
No one tears(WF) a piece(CW) out of a new(CW) garment(CW) [to patch(WF)] (MW) old one. Otherwise, (MW) they(WN) [will have(WT)] torn(CW) the new(CW) garment(CW), and the patch (MW) from the new will not match the old.
- WF -- Wrong Form - The "tear" is not an active verb but a participle, "divided."
- CW --Confusing Word -- The "piece" does not capture the word's specific meaning in this situation.
- CW --Confusing Word -- This is not the common word usually translated as "new."
- CW --Confusing Word -- The "garment" does not capture the word's specific meaning in this situation.
- WF -- Wrong Form - The "to patch" is not an active verb but a noun, "patch.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "on" is not shown in the English translation.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "just" is not shown in the English translation.
- WN --Wrong Number- The word "they" is translated as plural but the Greek word is singular.
- WT - Wrong Tense - The verb "will have " indicates the future tense, but that is not the tense here.
- CW --Confusing Word -- The "torn" is more specific than the word's meaning.
- CW --Confusing Word -- This is not the common word usually translated as "new."
- IW - Inserted Word -- The word "garment" doesn't exist in the source.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "the one" is not shown in the English translation.
No man - The Greek word translated as "no man" also means "no one", "nothing," and other negatives nouns.
putteth - (WW) -- The word translated as "putteth" means literally to "toss against, before, by or on," but it has a large variety of specific uses such as the affixing of a seal or, here, affixing a path. Here, "patches" workes best because we can translated that latter noun-form of the same root as "patch." Its implication is that the patching is not well done, but just thrown on. See this article about a related word.
a -- There is no indefinite article in Greek, but when a noun doesn't have a definite article, the indefinite article can be added in English translation.
piece -- (CW) The word translated as "piece" uses the same base as the word above and means "something thrown over" or "tossed on." However, here, it makes the most sense as a bandage or "path" to show its relationship to the verb. The root is the noun that means "throw" or "toss." The general word "piece" is not the specific meaning of the word in this situation. See this article about a related word.
of -- This word "of" comes from the genitive case of the following word that requires the addition of a preposition in English. The most common is the "of" of possession.
a -- There is no indefinite article in Greek, but when a noun doesn't have a definite article, the indefinite article can be added in English translation.
new -- (CW) The word translated as "new" means "newly made" and "fresh." It is not the common Greek word usually translated as "new."
garment -- (CW) The word translated as "garment" means an outer garment ("a cloak"), like we would use a coat or jacket today. This quality of this garment was how people judge social status. The general word "garment" is not the specific meaning of the word in this situation.
missing "divided" -- (OS) The untranslated word "divided" is a verb that means to "part", "separate", "divide", and a metaph. of divided opinions. Here, the form is a participle. This particle meaning "divided" appears in the source we use today but it does no exist in the source that the KJV translators used.
upon -- The word translated as "upon" means "on," "over," "upon," "for," "against," "before," "after," "during," "by" "in the case of."
an -- There is no indefinite article in Greek, but when a noun doesn't have a definite article, the indefinite article can be added in English translation.
old; -- The word translated as "old" means old in years both in a good sense and a bad one. In a good sense, it means "venerable" and in a bad sense, "obsolete."
missing "cloak" -- (MW) The untranslated word "cloak" means an outer garment in Roman times, "cloak," "robe," "cape," or "mantle." It was worn like we use a sweater or coat today. This quality of this garment was how people judge social status. The general word "garment" is not the specific meaning of the word in this situation.
if -- (DW) The "if" here expresses a condition but it means nothing regarding whether that condition is met or not when used with the subjective negative. This word is translated twice here because it is included in the following word.
otherwise, - -- "Otherwise" is from the three Greek words here meaning literally, "if however not" which, taking together is used like we use "otherwise." However, the translation here is confusing because it also translates the "if" and the "however" as "then" so those words are translated twice. This negative also has a particle that emphasizes it. Having the sense of "indeed" or "certainly" here.
then -- (DW) The Greek word translated as "then" means "but," "however," and "on the other hand." It joins phrases in an adversarial way. When used with a condition starting a clause, the sense is "if/when...then." This word is translated twice here in two different ways.
missing "certainly" -- (MW) The untranslated words a particle that emphasizes the "otherwise. Having the sense of "indeed" or "certainly" here.
both -- (CW) The Greek word translated as "both" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis ("also"). Also used to give emphasis, "even," "also," and "just."
the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, "the," which usually precedes a noun. Without a noun, it has the sense of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more.
new -- (CW) The word translated as "new" means "newly made" and "fresh." It is not the common Greek word usually translated as "new."
maketh a rent -- (CW) The word "makes a rent" is a verb that means to "part", "separate", "divide", and a metaph. of divided opinions. This translation is more specific than the word's meaning. This verb is in the form of possibility, but sitting within an "if" clause.
and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis ("also"). In a series, it can be translated as "not only...but also." After words implying sameness "as."
the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, "the," which usually precedes a noun. Without a noun, it has the sense of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more.
piece-- (CW) The word translated as "piece" uses the same base as the word above and means "something thrown over" or "tossed on." However, here, it makes the most sense as a bandage. The root is the noun that means "throw" or "toss." The general word "piece" is not the specific meaning of the word in this situation. See this article about a related word.
that -- (CW) The word translated as "that" is the Greek definite article, "the," which usually precedes a noun. Without a noun, it has the sense of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more. Since it is not related to a noun, the sense is more "the one." This is not the pronoun meaning "that."
was taken -- (IW) There is nothing that can be translated as "was taken " in the Greek source.
out of --- The word translated as "out of" means "from" in both locations and when referring to a source or a cause. It also means the instrument "by" which a thing is done and "away from." It is not the word form usually translated as "of." Referring to time, it means "from," and "after."
the -- The word translated as "that" is the Greek definite article, "the," which usually precedes a noun. Without a noun, it has the sense of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more.
new The word translated as "new" means "newly made" and "fresh." It is not the common Greek word usually translated as "new."
agreeth - (CW) The verb translated as "agree" means "to bring together," "work with," and "agree with." The word translated as "it is expedient" primarily means "to collect" or "bring together." One of its secondary meanings is "to confer a benefit." It was used like we use the phrase "getting it together" to mean making an improvement. Jesus always uses it humorously playing on the "getting it together" sense of improvement.
not -- The Greek word translated as "not" is the Greek negative used to deny objective facts, not opinions. It means "no," "not," or"no truly." It makes a negative statement of fact. When a negative precedes the verb, it affects the whole clause. When it precedes other words, its force is limited to those words.
with- This completes the meaning of the verb.
the -- The word translated as "that" is the Greek definite article, "the," which usually precedes a noun. Without a noun, it has the sense of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more.
old. -- The word translated as "old" means old in years both in a good sense and a bad one. In a good sense, it means "venerable" and in a bad sense, "obsolete."
No man - The Greek word translated as "no one" also means "no one", "nothing," and other negatives nouns.
tears -- (WF) The untranslated word "tears" is a verb that means to "part", "separate", "divide", and a metaph. of divided opinions. Here, the form is a participle, dividing."
a -- There is no indefinite article in Greek, but when a noun doesn't have a definite article, the indefinite article can be added in English translation.
piece -- (CW) The word translated as "piece" uses the same base as the word above and means "something thrown over" or "tossed on." However, here, it makes the most sense as a bandage or "path" to show its relationship to the verb. The root is the noun that means "throw" or "toss." The general word "piece" is not the specific meaning of the word in this situation. See this article about a related word.
out of -- This word "out of" comes from the genitive case of the following word that requires the addition of a preposition in English. The most common is the "of" of possession.
a -- There is no indefinite article in Greek, but when a noun doesn't have a definite article, the indefinite article can be added in English translation.
new -- (CW) The word translated as "new" means "newly made" and "fresh." It is not the common Greek word usually translated as "new."
garment -- (CW) The word translated as "garment" means an outer garment ("a cloak"), like we would use a coat or jacket today. This quality of this garment was how people judge social status. The general word "garment" is not the specific meaning of the word in this situation.
to -- (WF) This "to" is added because the infinitive form of the verb requires a "to" in English. This is an active verb not an infinitive.
patch -- The word translated as "patch" means literally to "toss against, before, by or on," but it has a large variety of specific uses such as the affixing of a seal or, here, affixing a path. It implication is that the patching is not well done, but just thrown on. See this article about a related word.
missing "on" -- (MW) The untranslated word "on" means "on," "over," "upon," "for," "against," "before," "after," "during," "by" "in the case of."
an -- There is no indefinite article in Greek, but when a noun doesn't have a definite article, the indefinite article can be added in English translation.
old; -- The word translated as "old" means old in years both in a good sense and a bad one. In a good sense, it means "venerable" and in a bad sense, "obsolete."
Otherwise, - -- "Otherwise" is from the three Greek words here meaning literally, "if however not" which, taking together is used like we use "otherwise." However, the translation here is confusing because it also translates the "if" and the "however" as "then" so those words are translated twice. This negative also has a particle that emphasizes it. Having the sense of "indeed" or "certainly" here.
missing "just" -- (MW) The untranslated word "just" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis emphasis, "even," "also," and "just."
they -- - (WN) This is from the third-person, singular form of the verb. -This word is not plural but singular.
will have -- (WT) This helping verb "will have" indicates the future perfect tense, but the verb is not the future but a form of possibility because it is inside a phrase of possibility, "otherwise."
torn -- (CW) The word "torn" is a verb that means to "part", "separate", "divide", and a metaph. of divided opinions. This translation is more specific than the word's meaning. This verb is in the form of possibility, but sitting within an "if" clause.
the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, "the," which usually precedes a noun. Without a noun, it has the sense of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more.
new -- (CW) The word translated as "new" means "newly made" and "fresh." It is not the common Greek word usually translated as "new."
garment, -- (IW) There is nothing that can be translated as "garment" in the Greek source.
and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis ("also"). In a series, it can be translated as "not only...but also." After words implying sameness "as."
the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, "the," which usually precedes a noun. Without a noun, it has the sense of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more.
patch -- The word translated as "patch" uses the same base as the word above and means "something thrown over" or "tossed on." However, here, it makes the most sense as a bandage. The root is the noun that means "throw" or "toss." The general word "piece" is not the specific meaning of the word in this situation. See this article about a related word.
missing "the one" -- (MW) The untranslated word "the one" is the Greek definite article, "the," which usually precedes a noun. Without a noun, it has the sense of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more. Since it is not related to a noun, the sense is more "the one." This is not the pronoun meaning "that."
from --- The word translated as "out of" means "from" in both locations and when referring to a source or a cause. It also means the instrument "by" which a thing is done and "away from." It is not the word form usually translated as "of." Referring to time, it means "from," and "after."
the -- The word translated as "that" is the Greek definite article, "the," which usually precedes a noun. Without a noun, it has the sense of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more.
new The word translated as "new" means "newly made" and "fresh." It is not the common Greek word usually translated as "new."
will -- This helping verb "will" indicates that the verb is the future tense. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English.
not -- The Greek word translated as "not" is the Greek negative used to deny objective facts, not opinions. It means "no," "not," or"no truly." It makes a negative statement of fact. When a negative precedes the verb, it affects the whole clause. When it precedes other words, its force is limited to those words.
match - The verb translated as "match" means "to bring together," "work with," and "agree with." The word translated as "it is expedient" primarily means "to collect" or "bring together." One of its secondary meanings is "to confer a benefit." It was used like we use the phrase "getting it together" to mean making an improvement. Jesus always uses it humorously playing on the "getting it together" sense of improvement.
the -- The word translated as "that" is the Greek definite article, "the," which usually precedes a noun. Without a noun, it has the sense of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more.
old. -- The word translated as "old" means old in years both in a good sense and a bad one. In a good sense, it means "venerable" and in a bad sense, "obsolete."
Οὐδεὶς [69 verses](adj sg masc nom ) "No man " i is oudeis which means "no one," "not one," "nothing," "naught," "good for naught," and "no matter."
ἐπίβλημα [3 verses](noun sg neut nom/acc ) "A piece" is epiblema, which means "that which is thrown over," "covering," "tapestry," "hangings," "that which is put on," "piece of embroidery," and "outer bandage."
ἀπὸ [190 verses](prep) "From" is apo, a preposition of separation which means "from" or "away from" from when referring to place or motion, "from" or "after" when referring to time, "from" as an origin or cause. It also means the instrument "by" which a thing is done. Usually takes the genitive object.
ἱματίου [10 verses](noun sg neut gen diminutive) "Garment" is from himation, which was an oblong piece of cloth worn as an outer garment. The term generally means "clothes" and "cloth."
καινοῦ [9 verses](adj sg neut gen)"New" is kainos, which means "new," "fresh," "newly made," "newly invented," and "novel."
σχίσας [1 verse](part sg aor act masc nom) Untranslated is schizo, which means to "part", "separate", "divide", and a metaph. of divided opinions.
ἐπιβάλλει [5 verses] (verb 3rd sg pres ind act) "Putteth" is epiballo, which means to "throw or cast upon," "lay on," " affix (a seal, add)," "contribute," "place next in order," "let grow," "let loose," "throw oneself upon," "go straight towards," "follow," "come next," "belong to," "fall to the share of," "shut to," "close," "to overlap (in logic)," and in the passive to "lie upon," "be put upon," and "be set over."
ἐπὶ [138 verses](prep) "On" is from epi which means "on," "upon," "at," "by," "before," "across," and "against." With a noun in the possessive, genitive, it means "upon," "on" but not necessarily of Place, "by (of persons)," "deep (with numbers)," "in the presence of," "towards," "in the time of," and "over (referring to a person of authority)." With a noun indirect object, dative, it means of place: "upon," "on," or "over," of people: "against (in a hostile sense)," regarding a situation: "towards" or "in reference to," of an accumulation: "upon," "after," "addition to," and "besides," of position: "after," "behind," "in dependence upon," and "in the power of," of time: "by," and "after," and. in a causal sense: "of the occasion or cause," "for" a person, an end, or purpose," "on condition that," and "for" (a price). With the objective noun, an accusative, it means of place: "upon or on to a height," "up to," "as far as," "a little way," "a little," "towards," "to," in hostile sense: "against," of extension: "over," "over (a space)," of time: "for," "during," "up to" or "till," in a causal sense: "of (the object)," for (this purpose)," "as regards," "according to," and "by (this cause)." With verbs of perceiving, observing, and judging, it means "in the case of."
ἱμάτιον [10 verses] (noun sg neut nom/acc diminutive) "Garment"is himation, which was an oblong piece of cloth worn as an outer garment. The term generally means "clothes" and "cloth." -- The word translated as "garment" means an outer garment ("a cloak"), like we would use a coat or jacket today. This quality of this garment was how people judge social status.
παλαιόν: [8 verses](adj sg neut dat ) "Old" is palaios, which means "old in years," "ancient," (in a good sense) "venerable," "held in esteem," (in a bad way) "antiquated," "obsolete," and "in an old way."
εἰ [90 verses](conj) "If" is ei, which is the particle used to express conditions "if" (implying nothing about its fulfillment) or indirect questions, "whether." It also means "if ever," "in case," and "whenever." In citing a fact, it can mean "as sure as" or "since." It is combined with various conjunctions to create derivative conditions. When appearing as εἰ δὲ (literally, "if however") the sense is "if this...then that." The construction εἰ δὲ μή . . means "otherwise." The construction εἰ οὖν has the sense of "if so." However, it is also used to express a wish. After verbs of wonder, delight, indignation, disappointment, contentment, and similar emotions, it is use instead of ὅτι, to express the object of the feeling in a hypothetical form, "that" with the indicative (not subjunctive). With the future tense, it is used for emphasis, a warning, or an intention.
δὲ [446 verses](conj) "Then" is de which means "but" and "on the other hand." It is the particle that joins sentences in an adversarial way but can also be an explanation of indirect cause ("so"). In an "if" (εἰ ) clause or temporal "when" (ὅταν) clause the sense is "if/when... then." In a series begun by men, its means "on the other hand." In a listing, the sense is "then" or "yet." After an interruption, "so then."
μήγε [7 verses](particle) "Otherwise" is mege, which is a contraction of me ge. The me is the negative used in prohibitions and expressions of doubt meaning "not" and "no." The ge is an emphatic particle meaning "at least" and "indeed." It emphasizes the word to which it is associated.
καὶ [1089 verses](conj/adv) "Both" is kai, which is the conjunction joining phrases and clauses, "and," or "also." After words implying sameness, "as" (the same opinion as you). Used in series, joins positive with negative "Not only...but also." Also used to give emphasis, "even," "also," and "just."
τὸ [821 verses](article sg neut nom/acc) "The" is the Greek definite article, hos, ("the"). When not preceding a noun, takes the meaning of "the one" or, in the plural, "the ones."However, the Greek article is very close to "this" so the purpose of an article like this can also be demonstrative. See this article.
καινὸν (adj sg neut nom/acc) "New" is kainos, which means "new", "fresh", "newly made", "newly invented," and "novel."
σχίσει [1 verse](verb 3rd sg aor subj act ) "Maketh a rent" is schizo, which means to "part", "separate", "divide", and a metaph. of divided opinions.
καὶ [1089 verses](conj/adv) "And" is kai, which is the conjunction joining phrases and clauses, "and," or "also." After words implying sameness, "as" (the same opinion as you). Used in series, joins positive with negative "Not only...but also." Also used to give emphasis, "even," "also," and "just." -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis ("also"). In a series, it can be translated as "not only...but also." After words implying sameness "as."
τῷ [821 verses](article sg neut dat) "The" is the Greek definite article, hos, ("the"). When not preceding a noun, takes the meaning of "the one" or, in the plural, "the ones."However, the Greek article is very close to "this" so the purpose of an article like this can also be demonstrative. See this article. -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, "the," which usually precedes a noun. Without a noun, it has the sense of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more.
παλαιῷ [8 verses] (adj sg neut dat) "Old" is palaios, which means "old in years," "ancient," (in a good sense) "venerable," "held in esteem," (in a bad way) "antiquated," "obsolete," and "in an old way."
οὐ [269 verses](adv) "Not" is ou , the negative adverb for facts and statements, negating both single words and sentences. The negative, οὐ, denies, is absolute, and objective.
συμφωνήσει [5 verses](verb 3rd sg fut ind act) "Agreeth" is symphero, which means "to bring together," "to gather," "collect," "to confer a benefit," "to be useful," "work with," "be with," and "agree with." In the passive, it means "to come together," "to engage," "to battle," [of events] "to occur," "to happen," and [literally] "to be carried along with."
τὸ [821 verses](article sg neut nom/acc) "The" is the Greek definite article, hos, ("the"). When not preceding a noun, takes the meaning of "the one" or, in the plural, "the ones."However, the Greek article is very close to "this" so the purpose of an article like this can also be demonstrative. See this article.
ἐπίβλημα [3 verses] (noun sg neut nom/acc) "A piece" is epiblema, which means "that which is thrown over," "covering," "tapestry," "hangings," "that which is put on," "piece of embroidery," and "outer bandage."
τὸ [821 verses] (article sg neut nom/acc) "Unto them that" is the Greek definite article, hos, ("the"). When not preceding a noun, takes the meaning of "the one" or, in the plural, "the ones."However, the Greek article is very close to "this" so the purpose of an article like this can also be demonstrative. See this article.
ἀπὸ [190 verses](prep) "From" is apo, a preposition of separation which means "from" or "away from" from when referring to place or motion, "from" or "after" when referring to time, "from" as an origin or cause. It also means the instrument "by" which a thing is done. Referring to time, it means "from," and "after." Usually takes the genitive object.
τοῦ [821 verses](article sg neut gen) "The" is the Greek definite article, hos, ("the"). When not preceding a noun, takes the meaning of "the one" or, in the plural, "the ones."However, the Greek article is very close to "this" so the purpose of an article like this can also be demonstrative. See this article. -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, "the," which usually precedes a noun. Without a noun, it has the sense of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more.
καινοῦ. (adj sg neut gen) "New" is kainos, which means "new", "fresh", "newly made", "newly invented," and "novel."
"Garment" connects this verse to the previous verse about a wedding.
"New garment" becomes a metaphor for a new social class, a new kind of garment.
The "old" here could mean outdated, but it also means "venerated".
In Matthew (Matthew 9:16 ) this verse is very different, while the version in Mark (Mark 2:21) seems to be a hybrid of the two.
No man splitting a patch from a new cloak affixes on an old cloak. Otherwise, indeed not only is the new one going to split but also to the old one will not work with the one is affixed to it from the new.