Jesus addresses the apostles.
Luke 9:22 The Son of Man must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders, the chief priests and the teachers of the law, and he must be killed and on the third day be raised to life.
It needed the son of the man to undergo many thing not only to be rejected from these old men and head priests and writers but also to be destroyed and on the third day to be awakened.
A children of humanity, we all undergo many things, including rejection and death and, hopefully, awakening.
Δεῖ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου πολλὰ παθεῖν
It needed the son of the man many thing to undergo
καὶ ἀποδοκιμασθῆναι ἀπὸ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων καὶ ἀρχιερέων καὶ γραμματέων καὶ ἀποκτανθῆναι
not only to be rejected from these old men and head priests and writers but also to be destroyed
καὶ τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ ἐγερθῆναι.
and on the third day to be awakened.
The "must" is a verb that works differently than the English "must". It means "it needed," "it was necessary" or "it was required". It precedes a list of requirements. The "son of man" is not the subject of this verb, but the object, which is an important point. All the verbs afterwards as infinitives, not active verbs. "to suffer," to be rejected," etc. The tense is an uncompleted past action, the need arose in the past, but it continues.
The verb translated as "suffer" means"to undergo." It can be translated as "pass through" as well, because it is the verb form of the noun translated as "the fast of Passover." It can mean both good things and bad but to have a series of events happen to one or to be treated in certain ways. It is not related to
- WF --Wrong Form - The "Son" is not the subject but the object.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "the" before "man" is not shown in the English translation.
- CW --Confusing Word -- The "must" does not capture the word's specific meaning in this situation.-- () This word is an infinitive required by the "needs" above, not an active verb.
- CW --Confusing Word -- "Suffer's" translation is more specific than the word's more general meaning.
- WF -- Wrong Form - The "suffer" is not an active verb but an infinitive, "to go through."
- WF --Wrong Form - The "rejected" is not an active verb but an infinitive, "to be rejected."
- CW - Confusing Word -- The "of" does not capture the word's specific meaning.
- WF --Wrong Form - The "slain" is not an active verb but an infinitive, "to be slain."
- CW --Confusing Word -- The "arise" does not capture the word's specific meaning of "awaken."
- WF --Wrong Form - The "raised" is not an active verb but an infinitive, "to be raised."
- WF --Wrong Form - The "Son" is not the subject but the object.
- MW - Missing Word -- The word "the" before "man" is not shown in the English translation.
- CW --Confusing Word -- The "must" does not capture the word's specific meaning in this situation.-- () This word is an infinitive required by the "needs" above, not an active verb.
- CW --Confusing Word -- "Suffer's" translation is more specific than the word's more general meaning.
- WF -- Wrong Form - The "suffer" is not an active verb but an infinitive, "to go through."
- WF --Wrong Form - The "rejected" is not an active verb but an infinitive, "to be rejected."
- CW - Confusing Word -- The "of" does not capture the word's specific meaning.
- WW --Wrong Word -- The word translated as "teachers" should be something more like "writers."
- IP - Inserted Phrase-- The "of the law, " doesn't exist in the source.
- IW - Inserted Word-- The "he must" doesn't exist in the source.
- WF --Wrong Form - The "killed" is not an active verb but an infinitive, "to be killed."
- CW --Confusing Word -- The "arise" does not capture the word's specific meaning of "awaken."
- WF --Wrong Form - The "raised" is not an active verb but an infinitive, "to be raised."
- IW - Inserted Word-- The "he must" doesn't exist in the source.
the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more.
Son -- (WF) The word translated as "son" more generally means "child" or "descendant." The phrase "the son of man" is the common way Christ refers to himself. It is discussed in detail in this article. Its sense may be "the child of the man."
of -- This word "of" comes from the genitive case of the following word that required the addition of a preposition in English. The most common is the "of" of possession, but it can also mean "belonging to," "part of," "which is," "than" (in comparisons), or "for," "concerning" or "about" with transitive verbs.
missing "the" -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more.
man - The Greek word for "man" means "man," "person" and "humanity" in the singular. In the plural, it means "men," "people," and "peoples."
must -- (CW) The Greek verb translated as "must" is a special verb that means "it/he/she needs," and "there is need." It is not a helping verb like we have in English but the active verb. It is always singular, 3rd person. It can also mean "to lack." It works something like our word "must" but its form is fixed and, when it refers to a verb, that verb's form is an infinitive, like we say "he needs to go." Translating it as "must" can confuse it with a third-person command.
suffer - (CW, WF) "Suffer" is from a verb that means "to have done to one," "to be treated so," "to go through," "to pass, and "to come to be in a state." It can be used to describe both good and bad things happening to one. It can be translated as "pass through" as well because it is the verb form of the noun translated as "the fast of Passover." When it a body part is the subject the sense is "to suffer" that or "to be ill" in that part. Our word "undergo" captures this idea better. This translation is more specific than the word's meaning. It is an infinitive, not an active verb.
many -- The word translated as "many" means many in number, great in power or worth, and large in size.
things - There is no word, "things," in the Greek source, but this word comes from the neuter, plural form of the previous adjective.
and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis, "even," "also," and "just."
be -- This helping verb "be" indicates that the verb is passive. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English.
rejected - -- (WF) "Rejected" is a verb that means specifically "reject on scrutiny," "reject as unfit or unworthy," and "reject for want of qualifications." Referring to a stone used to build a wall, we would say "reject as unfitting."
of -- (CW) The word translated as "of" means "from" in both locations and when referring to a source or a cause. It also means the instrument "by" which a thing is done and "away from." It is not the word form usually translated as "of." Referring to time, it means "from," and "after."
the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, "the," which usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more.
elders -- "Elders" is a Greek adjective means "old men", "elder", "old age", "ambassador", in comparative and superlative., of things, "more or most important", "taking precedence".
and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis, "even," "also," and "just."
chief priests - "Chief priests" is from a word that means "arch-priest," "high priest," and "chief priest."
and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis, "even," "also," and "just."
scribes, "Scribes" is from a word that simply describes to people who write or record information. They were not "writers" in the sense of writing their own views, but recorders and registrars, record keepers who wrote official information. In this case, they were probably those who copied Jewish scripture and wisdom. Not all of this was Biblical, much of it was probably what is now part of the Talamud.
and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis, "even," "also," and "just."
be -- This helping verb "be" indicates that the verb is passive. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English.
slain, -- (CW) "Slain" is translated from a Greek word that means "slaughter" more than just "kill" because the base word means "slay." The Greek source has the sense of "kill off," that is, "killing" in a more thorough way. When we talk about "slaughtering" someone, we use it to mean destroying their reputation, the strength of their spirit and ideas as well as physically killing them. This is more the sense here. The word "destroy" also works, but a similar word from a different root meaning "kill" works better as "destroy."
and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis, "even," "also," and "just."
be -- This helping verb "be" indicates that the verb is passive. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English.
raised -- (CW, WF) The word for "arise" means "awaken" and is the same word Jesus uses to describe God raising the dead and false prophets arising. While its primary meaning is “awaken," “rouse,” or “stir up,” in various forms and, in different contexts, it means “wake up,” “stay awake,” and “to be awake.” It can also mean “to stir yourself,” “excite yourself,” or to “be excited” by passion.” It also forms various idioms. For example, when used with “ears” it means “prick up your ears.” It also means “raise” or “erect,” but usually in the context of constructing buildings. It is only consistently translated as “raise” in the NT and later works based on it.
the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more.
third -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, "the," which usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more.
day.-- The Greek word translated as "day" also means "time," in general, and refers specifically to the "daytime."
the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more.
Son -- (WF) The word translated as "son" more generally means "child" or "descendant." The phrase "the son of man" is the common way Christ refers to himself. It is discussed in detail in this article. Its sense may be "the child of the man."
of -- This word "of" comes from the genitive case of the following word that required the addition of a preposition in English. The most common is the "of" of possession, but it can also mean "belonging to," "part of," "which is," "than" (in comparisons), or "for," "concerning" or "about" with transitive verbs.
missing "the" -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more.
Man - The Greek word for "man" means "man," "person" and "humanity" in the singular. In the plural, it means "men," "people," and "peoples."
must -- (CW) The Greek verb translated as "must" is a special verb that means "it/he/she needs," and "there is need." It is not a helping verb like we have in English but the active verb. It is always singular, 3rd person. It can also mean "to lack." It works something like our word "must" but its form is fixed and, when it refers to a verb, that verb's form is an infinitive, like we say "he needs to go." Translating it as "must" can confuse it with a third-person command.
suffer - (CW, WF) "Suffer" is from a verb that means "to have done to one," "to be treated so," "to go through," "to pass, and "to come to be in a state." It can be used to describe both good and bad things happening to one. It can be translated as "pass through" as well because it is the verb form of the noun translated as "the fast of Passover." When it a body part is the subject the sense is "to suffer" that or "to be ill" in that part. Our word "undergo" captures this idea better. This translation is more specific than the word's meaning. It is an infinitive, not an active verb.
many -- The word translated as "many" means many in number, great in power or worth, and large in size.
things - There is no word, "things," in the Greek source, but this word comes from the neuter, plural form of the previous adjective.
and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis, "even," "also," and "just."
be -- This helping verb "be" indicates that the verb is passive. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English.
rejected - -- (WF) "Rejected" is a verb that means specifically "reject on scrutiny," "reject as unfit or unworthy," and "reject for want of qualifications." Referring to a stone used to build a wall, we would say "reject as unfitting."
of -- (CW) The word translated as "of" means "from" in both locations and when referring to a source or a cause. It also means the instrument "by" which a thing is done and "away from." It is not the word form usually translated as "of." Referring to time, it means "from," and "after."
the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, "the," which usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more.
elders -- "Elders" is a Greek adjective means "old men", "elder", "old age", "ambassador", in comparative and superlative., of things, "more or most important", "taking precedence".
and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis, "even," "also," and "just."
chief priests - "Chief priests" is from a word that means "arch-priest," "high priest," and "chief priest."
and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis, "even," "also," and "just."
teachers , (WW) "Teachers " is from a word that simply describes to people who write or record information. They were not "writers" in the sense of writing their own views, but recorders and registrars, record keepers who wrote official information. In this case, they were probably those who copied Jewish scripture and wisdom. Not all of this was Biblical, much of it was probably what is now part of the Talamud.
of the law, -- (IP) There is nothing that can be translated as this phrase in the Greek source.
and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis, "even," "also," and "just."
he must -- (IW) This word is not in the Greek source.
be -- This helping verb "be" indicates that the verb is passive. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English.
killed , -- (CW) "Killed " is translated from a Greek word that means "slaughter" more than just "kill" because the base word means "slay." The Greek source has the sense of "kill off," that is, "killing" in a more thorough way. When we talk about "slaughtering" someone, we use it to mean destroying their reputation, the strength of their spirit and ideas as well as physically killing them. This is more the sense here. The word "destroy" also works, but a similar word from a different root meaning "kill" works better as "destroy."
and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis, "even," "also," and "just."
on -- This word "on" comes from the indirect object form of the following word that requires the addition of a preposition in English. The most common is a "to" for the English indirect object. However, the translator can choose other prepositions: "with," "in," "of," "as," "by," "for," "at," or "on" depending on the context.
the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more.
third -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, "the," which usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more.
day.-- The Greek word translated as "day" also means "time," in general, and refers specifically to the "daytime."
be -- This helping verb "be" indicates that the verb is passive. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English.
raised -- (CW, WF) The word for "arise" means "awaken" and is the same word Jesus uses to describe God raising the dead and false prophets arising. While its primary meaning is “awaken," “rouse,” or “stir up,” in various forms and, in different contexts, it means “wake up,” “stay awake,” and “to be awake.” It can also mean “to stir yourself,” “excite yourself,” or to “be excited” by passion.” It also forms various idioms. For example, when used with “ears” it means “prick up your ears.” It also means “raise” or “erect,” but usually in the context of constructing buildings. It is only consistently translated as “raise” in the NT and later works based on it.
to life. -- (IW) This word is not in the Greek source.
δει [28 verses](verb 3rd sg imperf ind act) "Must" is dei, which means "it needs," and "there is need." The object it takes is an infinitive.
τὸν [821 verses](article sg masc acc) "The" is the Greek definite article, hos, ("the"). It usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. When not preceding a a word that can become a noun, takes the meaning of "the one" or, in the plural, "the ones." Proper nouns do normally not take articles but they are needed when the noun ending cannot be changed to show the noun's role in the sentence as an object, indirect object, or genitive (possessive) form. However, the Greek article is very close to "this" so the purpose of an article like this can also be demonstrative.There is no vocative definite article, (despite being shown in Perseus). When the vocative is meant, no article is used or they used ω or ε. See this article.
υἱὸν [158 verses](noun sg masc acc) "Son" is huios, which means a "son," and more generally to refer to any descendant, of any generation. It can refer to male sons or descendants of both sexes, but not purely female descendants. It can and often does refer to adults who are not "children."
τοῦ[821 verses](article sg masc acc) Untranslated is the Greek definite article, hos, ("the"). It usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. When not preceding a a word that can become a noun, takes the meaning of "the one" or, in the plural, "the ones." Proper nouns do normally not take articles but they are needed when the noun ending cannot be changed to show the noun's role in the sentence as an object, indirect object, or genitive (possessive) form. However, the Greek article is very close to "this" so the purpose of an article like this can also be demonstrative. See this article.
ἀνθρώπου [209 verses](noun sg masc acc) "Man" is anthropos, which is "man," and, in plural, "mankind." It also means "humanity" and that which is human and opposed to that which is animal or inanimate.
πολλὰ [61 verses](adj pl neut nom/acc) "Many" is polys, which means "many (in number)," "great (in size or power or worth)," and "large (of space)." As an adverb, it means "far," "very much," "a great way," and "long."
παθεῖν [8 verses](verb pres inf act) "Suffer" is pascho, which means "to have something happen to one," "to have done to one," "to be treated so," and "to come to be in a state." The noun form means "to be passive" but as an adjective, "suffering." "
καὶ [1089 verses](conj/adv) "And" is kai, which is the conjunction joining phrases and clauses, "and," or "also." After words implying sameness, "as" (the same opinion as you). Used in series, joins positive with negative "Not only...but also." Also used to give emphasis, "even," "also," and "just." In a series, it can be translated as "not only...but also." After words implying sameness "as."
ἀποδοκιμασθῆναι [5 verses](verb aor inf pass) "Be rejected" is apodokimazô, which means specifically "reject on scrutiny," "reject as unfit or unworthy," and "reject for want of qualifications."
ἀπὸ [190 verses](prep) "Of" is apo, a preposition of separation which means "from" or "away from" from when referring to place or motion, "from" or "after" when referring to time, "from" as an origin or cause. It also means the instrument "by" which a thing is done. Referring to time, it means "from," and "after." Usually takes the genitive object. -
τῶν [821 verses](article pl masc gen) "The" is the Greek definite article, hos, ("the"). It usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. When not preceding a a word that can become a noun, takes the meaning of "the one" or, in the plural, "the ones." Proper nouns do normally not take articles but they are needed when the noun ending cannot be changed to show the noun's role in the sentence as an object, indirect object, or genitive (possessive) form. However, the Greek article is very close to "this" so the purpose of an article like this can also be demonstrative.There is no vocative definite article, (despite being shown in Perseus). When the vocative is meant, no article is used or they used ω or ε. See this article.
πρεσβυτέρων [2 verses](adj pl masc gen irreg_comp) "Elders" is from presbyteros, which means "old men", "elder", "old age", "ambassador", in comparative and superlative., of things, "more or most important", "taking precedence".
καὶ [1089 verses](conj/adv) "And" is kai, which is the conjunction joining phrases and clauses, "and," or "also." After words implying sameness, "as" (the same opinion as you). Used in series, joins positive with negative "Not only...but also." Also used to give emphasis, "even," "also," and "just." In a series, it can be translated as "not only...but also." After words implying sameness "as."
ἀρχιερέων [4 verses](noun pl masc dat) "Chief priests" is archiereus, which means "arch-priest" and "chief priest."
καὶ [1089 verses](conj/adv) "And" is kai, which is the conjunction joining phrases and clauses, "and," or "also." After words implying sameness, "as" (the same opinion as you). Used in series, joins positive with negative "Not only...but also." Also used to give emphasis, "even," "also," and "just." In a series, it can be translated as "not only...but also." After words implying sameness "as."
γραμματέων [17 verses] (noun pl masc gen) "Scribes" is grammateus, which is generally a "secretary," "registrar," "recorder," and "scholar," but specifically means someone who uses gramma which is Greek for "drawings," "a letter," (as in an alphabet)"diagrams," and "letters" (as in correspondence).
καὶ [1089 verses](conj/adv) "And" is kai, which is the conjunction joining phrases and clauses, "and," or "also." After words implying sameness, "as" (the same opinion as you). Used in series, joins positive with negative "Not only...but also." Also used to give emphasis, "even," "also," and "just." In a series, it can be translated as "not only...but also." After words implying sameness "as."
ἀποκτανθῆναι [31 verses](verb aor inf pass) "Be slain" is apokteino, which means "to kill," and "to slay." It combines the word for "to slay" (-kteino) with the proposition, apo, indicating separation, meaning "from" or "away from." but it is a stronger form than the normal verb -kteino. It is more like our "slaughter." It is in the form of a present participle, "slaughtering" acting as a noun ("those destroying").
καὶ [1089 verses](conj/adv) "And" is kai, which is the conjunction joining phrases and clauses, "and," or "also." After words implying sameness, "as" (the same opinion as you). Used in series, joins positive with negative "Not only...but also." Also used to give emphasis, "even," "also," and "just." In a series, it can be translated as "not only...but also." After words implying sameness "as."
τῇ [821 verses] (article sg fem dat) "The" is the Greek definite article, hos, ("the"). It usually precedes a noun or changes the word it precedes (adjective, infinitive, participle, etc.) to act like a noun. When not preceding a a word that can become a noun, takes the meaning of "the one" or, in the plural, "the ones." Proper nouns do normally not take articles but they are needed when the noun ending cannot be changed to show the noun's role in the sentence as an object, indirect object, or genitive (possessive) form. However, the Greek article is very close to "this" so the purpose of an article like this can also be demonstrative.There is no vocative definite article, (despite being shown in Perseus). When the vocative is meant, no article is used or they used ω or ε. See this article.
τρίτῃ [9 verses](adj sg fem dat) "Third" is from tritos. which is the Greek word for "third" meaning both the third in an order and the fraction one third. -- The "the third" means both the third in an order and the fraction one third.
ἡμέρᾳ [96 verses](noun sg fem dat) "Day" is hemera, which, as a noun, means "day" "a state or time of life," "a time (poetic)," "day break" and "day time." It is also and also has a second meaning, of "quiet," "tame (animals)," "cultivated (crops)," and "civilized (people)."
ἐγερθῆναι. [42 verses] (verb aor inf pass) "Arise" is egeiro, which means "to awaken," "to stir up," and "to rouse." -- The word for "arise" means "awaken" and is the same word Christ uses to describe God raising the dead and false prophets arising.
Again, Luke is back to using his uncommon words. This verse is a combination of many similar but not identical verses in Matthew and Mark.