Here is the punchline, but it is a curious one because it would only be understood once Jesus had been raised from the dead. However, he did foretell that his resurrection several times. Some of the humor is lost because the KJV translation hides the fact that the verse is two connected if/then statements. Also hidden here is the fact that the "raised up", though the same word as he used to describe his raising, is a different form. The form he used to describe his resurrection was passed, "being raised" or "being awaken" while this is active, "wake up." In this verse, the word order is substantially different than the KJV translation partly to emphasize the more important elements and partly to put the most important word at the end, as is normal in humor.

The Greek word translated as "and" means "but", "however", and "on the other hand". Since it always falls in the second position, translating it as "however" often captures its feeling better.  This word has been translated as "and" several times in this story to make the conversation sound less like a disagreement than it is in the Greek.

"He said" is from the Greek verb that means "to say" and "to speak" also.

The word translated as "unto him" is the Greek word commonly translated as third-person pronouns in English. 

The "if" here expresses a condition but it means nothing regarding whether that condition is met or not. It also means "if ever" and "whenever."

"They hear" is translated from a Greek word that has the same sense as the English not only of listening but of understanding. Here, we are not dealing with physical hearing so "understand" is closer to the sense of the word.

The Greek word translated as "not" is the Greek negative used to deny objective facts, not opinions. It makes a negative statement of fact. Adding "really" to the sentence captures the same idea.

Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded, though one rose from the dead.

"Moses" is Moyses, which means "Moses".

The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and", but it also is used to add emphasis ("also").

The Greek word translated as "prophets" means "one who speaks for God", "interpreter" and was the highest level of priesthood in Egypt. Christ uses it to refer not only to divine spokespeople, but their books in the OT. It is the verb that means "to shine before." Our words "luminaries" or "enlightened" captures the idea very well. 

The Greek word for "neither" is an adverb that means "not at all" or "no even". As a conjunction, it works as both parts of the "neither/nor" constructions. Here, it connects two if/then statements.

"Will they be persuaded" is an uncommon Greek verb (for Jesus) that means "persuade", "obey",  "believed", "trusted", and "relied upon".  The form is a future passive. However, this word is the last word in the verb because it is the keyword of the punchline.

The Greek word translated as "though" means "if might". It indicates more of an expectation of something happening than "if" alone. This is often how we use the word "when".  The use of this form with the future tense indicates something that is likely to happen in the future.

The word translated as "one" means primarily "anything" or "anyone," but can be used to mean someone of note as we would say "a someone". In this case, the phrase "from the dead" modifies this word rather than being the object of the verb.

"Rose" is a Greek verb that means "to make to stand up", "to raise from the dead", "to awaken", "to rouse to action," and "to make people rise up."  The form is something that might happen at some time. It is active, so "might raise" or "might awaken".

The Greek preposition translated as "from" means "out of" or "from." This is a different preposition than the previous verse. 

The word translated as "the dead" means "corpse", "a dying man," and "inanimate, non-organic matter." There is no "the" before it so the sense is "death".