Verily -- The word translated as "verily" is from the Hebrew word that means "truly" or "certainly," but it sounds like the Greek word with the same meaning. In Greek, the word also means "to reap." See this article discussing this "amen phrase."

I -- This is from the first-person, singular form of the following verb.

say -- The word translated as "say" is the most common word that means "to say," and "to speak," but it also means "to teach," which seems to be the way Christ uses it more frequently. It also has many ancillary meanings such as "to count" ("to number" or like we might say, "to recount" a story) or "to choose for yourself." Christ usually uses this word to refer to his own speaking or teaching.

unto -- This word "tuo" comes from the dative case of the following word that requires the addition of a preposition in English, but the translator must decide which preposition to use: a "to" as an indirect object.

you,  -- The Greek pronoun "you" here is plural and in the form of an indirect object, "to you," "for you," etc.

That -- The word translated as "that" introduces a statement of fact or cause.

ye -- The pronoun is used explicitly as the subject of the sentence. Since it is already part of the verb, its use creates emphasis on the "you." The "you" here is plural, indicating many of Christ's listeners.

which -- The word translated as "which" is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more. 

have  -- (WT) This helping verb "have" indicates that the verb is the tense indicating an action completed in the past. This is not the tense of the verbs here.

followed --  (WF) The term "which have followed" is from a verb that means "to follow," or "go with," in a physical sense, but it is also a metaphor meaning "to be guided by" or "to follow the meaning of." It is in the form of an adjective, "following," used as noun, "the ones following."

me,  -- The "me" is in the indirect object form on the first-person pronoun, so usually "to me," though the form has other uses in Greek. 

in -- The word translated as "in" also means "within," "with," or "among."

the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more. 

regeneration -- "Regeneration" is from a noun that means "rebirth," "regeneration," "beginning of a new life," "restoration," and "reincarnation." The can mean anything from the reincarnation of a person to the rebirth of an age or world.

when  -- The Greek word translated as "when" introduces a phrase that explains a certain condition so "whenever" or "since."

the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more. 

Son -- The phrase "the son of man" is the common way Christ refers to himself. It is discussed in detail in this article. Its sense is "the child of the man." The word translated as "son" more generally means "child" or "descendant." The Greek word for "of man" in the singular means "person" and "humanity" and "people" and "peoples" in the plural.

of -- This word "of"  comes from the genitive case of the following word that required the addition of a preposition in English.  The most common is the "of" of possession, but it can also mean "belonging to," "part of," "which is," "than" (in comparisons), or  "for," "concerning" or "about" with transitive verbs. 

missing "the"  -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more. 

man - The Greek word for "man" means "man," "person" and "humanity" in the singular. In the plural, it means "men," "people," and "peoples." 

shall  -- (CW) This helping verb "shall" does not indicate the future tense, but that the verb describes a possibility, the subjunctive voice. A "might" or "should" in English is more appropriate, but is assumed in an "if/when/whoever/except" clause. Helping verbs are not needed in Greek since the main verb carries this information in its form.

sit -- "Sit" is from the common verb that means "to make sit down," "to place,""to convene," "take one's seat," and "to reside." It starts with the prefix meaning "down." It is not in the future tense, but something that takes place at an unspecified time. This is also indicated by the "when" starting this section.

in -- (WW) The second word translated as "in" is different than the one above and doesn't mean "in" but "against," "before," "by" or "on."

the -- (IW) There is no Greek word that can be translated as "the" in the Greek source.

throne -- "Throne" is translated from a Greek word that is the source of our word for "throne" but it means "seat," "chair," "seat of state," "chair of a teacher," and "judge's bench." It didn't have the association with royalty like our word does. It did have a formal sense like were refer to having a "seat at the table" or, more specifically, a "seat in congress." Here, its meaning is specified as a "seat of honor."

of  -- This word "of"  comes from the genitive case of the following word that required the addition of a preposition in English, usually and "of."

his -- The word translated as "his" is the Greek word commonly translated as third-person pronouns in English.  The word means "the same" when used as an adjective. In the adverbial form, it  means "just here" or "exactly there." This pronoun follows the noun so "of his."

glory, -- "Glory" is from a noun that which means "expectation," "notion," "opinion," "vision," "repute," "good repute," "honor," and "glory." It is often used by Jesus to mean "recognition." Here, the idea is clearly to define the chair as a "seat of honor."

ye -- The pronoun is used explicitly as the subject of the sentence. Since it is already part of the verb, its use creates emphasis on the "you." The "you" here is plural, indicating many of Christ's listeners.

also -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis ("also").

shall  -- This helping verb "shall" indicates that the verb is the future tense. Helping or auxiliary verbs are needed to translate the Greek verb forms into English.

sit -- (WW) The second "shall sit" is a very different word than the one above. It means "to let fall" or "to drop," but it has a lot of casual uses such putting things in motion and employing them. It, like the "sit" above begins with the prefix meaning "down." This word is in the future tense and in a form that indicates the subject, the apostles, acting on themselves.

missing "by/for yourself"-- (MW) An untranslated phrase is necessary because the form of the word is a middle voice, which means that the subject is to  act "for yourself" or "by yourself."

upon -- The second word translated as "upon" is the same as the second "in" above and means "upon," "against," "before," "by" or "on."

twelve -- "Twelve" is the Greek word for the number.

thrones, -- The "thrones" is the same word as above, but here the sense of the word becomes the judge's bench because, it is followed by the word "judging."

judging - "Judging" is from a verb that which means "separate," "distinguish," "pick out," "choose," 'decide," "decide in favor of," "determine," and "form a judgment."  Unlike most words, which Christ uses specifically, he uses this word in a variety of senses simply because no English word corresponds to it precisely. He can mean "judge," "criticize," "decide," "discriminate," and "separate," depending on the context.  He the use of the word meaning a "judge's bench" makes the meaning clearly "judging" " since the form is an adjective.

the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more. 

twelve --  "Twelve" is the Greek word for the number.

tribes  - "Tribes" is from the noun that means "a race," "a tribe," "people with ties of descent," "representatives of a tribe," and "the military contingent of a tribe.

of -- The word translated as "of" is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." Here it is used to give the following Hebrew word a Greek case.  The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more. This word "of"  comes from the genitive case of the following word that required the addition of a preposition in English. 

Israel. -- "Israel" is from the Hebrew word.