Luke 15:29 And he answering said to his father, Lo, these many years do I serve thee, neither transgressed I at any time thy commandment: and yet thou never gavest me a kid, that I might make merry with my friends:
This one, however, answering said to that father of his, "Look, so many years I am a slave to you and not at any time an order of yours have I disregarded and to me not at any time did you grant a kid in order that with those loved ones of mine I might make merry.
The Greek word translated as "and" means "but", "however", and "on the other hand". Since it always falls in the second position, translating it as "however" often captures its feeling better.
The word translated as "he" is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that", "these", "those"). See this article for more.
"Answering" is from a verb that means to "set apart," "choose", "answer" a question, "answer charges," and "defend oneself." In the passive, it means "to be parted or separated." Here, it is used as a noun and in the passive so "the one separated out." We saw the first use of this verb in Matthew 20:13, where it was used in exactly the same form.
"Said" is from the Greek verb that means "to say" and "to speak" also.
The word translated as "his" is the Greek word commonly translated as third-person pronouns in English. The word means "the same" when used as an adjective. In the adverbial form, it means "just here" or "exactly there."
"To...father" is the Greek noun that means "father" or any male ancestor so "forefathers". It is the word that Christ uses to address his own Father. The "to" comes from the form of the word as an indirect object.
"Lo" is an adverb meaning "Lo! Behold!" and "See there!" In a humorous vein, this about how Christ uses this like we use the phrase "tah-dah" in a magic show, or "voila" in French. "Look!" or "See!" comes closest in English.
"These many" is a Greek adjective that means "so much", "thus much", "so far", "so large", and "so tall". It is an uncommon word for Jesus to use.
"Years" is from a Greek word that means "year", "yearly", and "annually". It is also an uncommon word, used primarily by Luke.
The Greek verb for "do I serve" means "to be a slave." It is the verb form of the noun translated as "servant", which means "slave" or "bondsman".
The word for "thee" is the indirect object form of the pronoun.
An untranslated Greek word appears there that means "and". It is used as the conjunction "and", but it also is used to add emphasis ("also").
"Neither...at any time" is not the common word used to mean "neither". It is a complex negative meaning "not at any time". It is used twice, clearly for emphasis and possibly humor.
The phrase "transgressed I" is a verb that means "go by", "pass by", "outstrip" (in speed), and "pass away". It has the specific meaning of "disregard".
The word translated as "thy" is the possessive form of the second person pronoun.
The word translated as "commandments" has the sense of a direct "order" or "command" given by someone as opposed to a body of law or tradition in society.
The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and", but it also is used to add emphasis ("also").
There is no "yet" in the Greek source.
"Never" is the same word as above, a complex negative meaning "not at any time". It is used twice, clearly for emphasis and possibly humor.
The verb translated as "thou...gavest" means "to give", "to grant", "to hand over", "appoint", "establish," and "to describe." It is almost always translated as some form of "give."
The "me" is in the indirect object form on the first-person pronoun, so usually "to me", though the form has other uses in Greek.
"Kid" is an uncommon noun for Jesus to used that means "kid".
The word translated as "that" is an adverb or a conjunction that starts a subordinate clause "there", "where," and "in order that."
The Greek verb translated as "I might make merry" means "cheer", "gladden", and in the passive, "make merry", "enjoy oneself". Used commonly in parables by Luke, specifically in the parable of the prodigal son. It is also used in the parable of Lazarus and the man building the warehouse for the future. It come at the end of the sentence.
"With" is the Greek word that usually means "with" or a related concept such as "among" or "by the means of". It also refers to "after" or "behind" when referring to a place, time, or pursuit.
"My" is the regular first-person pronoun in Greek in the possessive form, so "my" or "of me".
The term translated as "friends" is the adjective form one of three or four words in Greek for "love". The actual word means "embraced". This is usually described as "brotherly love". It is in the form of an adjective used as a noun. In English, we would say "loved ones".
ὁ (article sg masc nom) "He" is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one" or, in the plural, "the ones."
δὲ (conj/adv) "But" is de which means "but" and "on the other hand." It is the particle that joins sentences in an adversarial way but can also be a weak connective ("and") and explanation of cause ("so") and a condition ("if"). --
ἀποκριθεὶς (part sg aor pass masc nom) "Answering" is from apokrinomai that means to "set apart," "choose", "exclude," "reject on examination", "decide", "answer" the question, "answer charges," and "defend oneself" and, in the passive, "to be parted or separated." In the Gospels, it is always translated as "answered." --
εἶπεν (verb 3rd sg aor ind act ) "I have called" is eipon, which means "to speak", "to say", "to recite", "to address", "to mention", "to name", "to proclaim", "to plead", "to promise," and "to offer." -- "Said" is from the Greek verb that means "to say" and "to speak" also.
τῷ πατρὶ (noun sg masc dat) "The Father" is pater, which means "father", "grandfather", "author", "parent," and "forefathers."--
αὐτοῦ (adj sg masc gen) "His" is autos, which means "the same," and the reflexive pronouns, "myself", "yourself", "himself", "herself", "itself," or the oblique case of the pronouns, "him", "her," and "it." It also means "one's true self," that is, "the soul" as opposed to the body and "of one's own accord." In the adverbial form, it means "just here" or "exactly there." --
Ἰδοὺ (adv, verb 2nd sg aor imperat mid) "Lo" is idou, which means "to behold", "to see," and "to perceive." It acts as an adverbial phrase in this form meaning "Lo! Behold!" and "See there!' It is a form of the verb eido, which means "to see."
τοσαῦτα [uncommon](adj sg fem acc) "These many" is from tosoutos, which means "so much", "thus much", "so far", "so large", and "so tall".
ἔτη [uncommon] (noun pl neut nom/acc) "Years" is from etos, which means "year", "yearly", and "annually".
Do I serve," is from douleuo, which means to "be a slave", "serve", "be subject", "make oneself a slave", "accommodate oneself," and "render a service."
σοι (pron 2nd sg dat) "Thee" is soi which is the singular, second person pronoun, "you".
καὶ (conj/adv) Untranslated is kai, which is the conjunction joining phrases and clauses, "and," or "but." After words implying sameness, "as" (the same opinion as you). Used in series, joins positive with negative "Not only...but also." Also used to give emphasis, "even", "also," and "just."
οὐδέποτε (adv) "Neither...at any time" is from oudepote, which means "and not ever", "nor ever", "not even ever," and "never." It is from two words, oude , which means "but not", "neither", "nor,"and "not even." And pote, which means "when", "at what time", "at some time or other", "at some unknown time, and "at some time in the future."
ἐντολήν (noun sg fem acc) "Commandments" is entole which means "injunction", "order," and "command."
σου (adj sg masc gen) "Thy" is sou which means "of you" and "your." --
παρῆλθον, (verb 1st sg aor ind act or verb 3rd pl aor ind act) "I transgressed" is parerchomai (parerchomai), which means "go by", "pass by", "outstrip" (in speed), "pass away", "outwit", "past events" (in time), "disregard", "pass unnoticed," and "pass without heeding."
καὶ (conj/adv) "And" is kai, which is the conjunction joining phrases and clauses, "and," or "but." After words implying sameness, "as" (the same opinion as you). Used in series, joins positive with negative "Not only...but also." Also used to give emphasis, "even", "also," and "just."
ἐμοὶ (noun sg masc dat) "Me" is emoi, which is 1st person,singular dative pronoun meaning "me' as the indirect object of a verb.
οὐδέποτε (adv) "Never" is from oudepote, which means "and not ever", "nor ever", "not even ever," and "never." It is from two words, oude , which means "but not", "neither", "nor,"and "not even." And pote, which means "when", "at what time", "at some time or other", "at some unknown time, and "at some time in the future."
ἔδωκας (verb 2nd sg aor ind act) "Thou...gavest" is didomi, which means "to give", "to grant", "to hand over", "appoint", "establish," and "to describe."
ἔριφον [uncommon](noun sg masc acc) "Kid" is eriphos, which means "kid".
ἵνα (adv/conj) "That" is hina, which means "in that place", "there", "where", "when", "that", "in order that", "when," and "because."
μετὰ (prep) "With" is meta, which means "with", "in the midst of", "among", "between", "in common", "along with", "by the aid of", "in one's dealings with", "into the middle of", "coming into", "in pursuit of", "after", "behind", "according to," "after", "behind", and "next afterward."
τῶν φίλων (adj pl masc gen) "Friends" is from philos, which as an adjective means "loved", "beloved", "dear", "kith and kin", "nearest and dearest", "friends," and (of things) "welcome" and "pleasant."
μου (noun sg masc gen) "My" is emou, which means "me", and "mine".
εὐφρανθῶ: [uncommon] (verb 1st sg aor subj pass) "I might make merry" is euphraino, which means "cheer", "gladden", and in the passive, "make merry", "enjoy oneself". warehouse. These three parables have a lot of uncommon features for Jesus's parables and this word is one of them. It is in the form of an infinitive.