For  - The word translated as "for" can be treated as supporting a dependent clause, or, in written English, as "this is because..." to start a new sentence.

John --  "John" is the Greek word translated as the English proper name. 

came -- The word translated as "came" primarily means "to start out" but Christ usually uses it to mean "come" but not always. It indicates movement, especially its beginning, without indicating a direction toward or away from anything, so it works either as "start," "come," or "go," but it is more like our phrase "being underway." Our English word "show up" captures both the "start" and "come" ideas. See this article for more.

to -- The word translated as "to" means "towards," "by reason of (for)," "before" both in time and place, "in the presence of," "against," and several other types of "before." With verbs of seeing it specifically means "towards."

you -- The "you" here is the second-person, plural pronoun in the form of an object.

to show you -- (IP) There is nothing that can be translated as "to show you" in the Greek source.

missing "the"  -- (MW) The untranslated word"in" means "in," "within," "with," "during" (time),  or "among"  with a dative object as the one here.  With the accusative, it means "into," "on," and "for." When referring to time, it means "during." It can mean "on," "at," or "by" in the sense of "near."

the -- (IW) There is nothing that can be translated as "the" in the Greek source.

way  - "Way" is from a noun that means literally the "way" or "road" but which is used symbolically to mean "a way of doing things" or "a philosophy of life." It is interesting that a term joining a path with philosophy exists in many languages from the west to the east. It is not introduced by an article, "a way" or "a path."

righteousness, -- The word translated as "righteousness" also means "justice" and generally "fulfillment of the law." When applied to God or any judge, it works best as "justice," but when applied to people "virtue" or "law-abiding" works better since we don't use "righteousness" must anymore.

and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis ("also").

you -- This is from the second-person, plural form of the verb.

did -- This helping verb is used to create questions, commands, negative statements, and smooth word flow in English, but the Greek could be either a question or a statement.

not: -- The Greek word translated as "not" is the Greek negative used to deny objective facts, not opinions. It means "no," "not," or"no truly." It makes a negative statement of fact.

believe -- The Greek word translated as "believed" does not apply to religious belief as much as it does trusting in other people, especially their word. Jesus usually uses it in contexts, as the one here, that apply to trusting words. The negation of "belief" with the objective, instead of subjective, negative, equates trust with a fact.

him -- The word translated as "him" is the Greek word commonly translated as third-person pronouns in English.

but -- The Greek word translated as "but" means "but," "however," and "on the other hand." It joins phrases in an adversarial way. Since it always falls in the second position, translating it as "however" often captures its feeling better.  It can also be an explanation of cause ("so").

the - The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more. 

publicans  - The Greek term translated as "publican" means "farmer" and "tax collector." by Jesus's time, they were not tax farmers, that is, private individuals who bought the right to collect taxes. They worked directly for Rome, but the term "farmer" seems to have stuck. Historically, these people were both rich and notoriously corrupt, especially as tax farmers, and they were made into government employees to reform them. They also seem to be associated with having lavish parties. When Christ is accused of being a drunk and a glutton, this idea is supported by the fact he is a friend with tax-collectors.

and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis ("also").

the - The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more. 

harlots " - The harlots" is from the Greek word that means "prostitute." It is from a verb that means "for sale," "bought," and "ruined."

did-- (WW) The Greek word translated as "did" is actually the word used abouve "believed." It implies the verb "believed" or trusting in other people, especially their word. Jesus usually uses it in contexts, as the one here, that apply to trusting words. The negation of "belief" with the objective, instead of subjective, negative, equates trust with a fact.

him -- The word translated as "him" is the Greek word commonly translated as third-person pronouns in English.

And -- (WW) The Greek word translated as "and" means "but," "however," and "on the other hand." It joins phrases in an adversarial way. Since it always falls in the second position, translating it as "however" often captures its feeling better. 

even after -- (IP) There is nothing that can be translated as "even after" in the Greek source.

you , -- The pronoun "ye" is used explicitly as the subject of the sentence. Since it is already part of the verb, its use here creates emphasis on the "you" as we might say "you yourselves." It is plural.

saw -- (WF) The verb translated as "seen" means "to see" but it is used like we use the word "see" to mean "to know" or "to perceive." In the KJV, it is almost translated as many times as "know" as it is "see." The form is a  verbal adjective, a participle, not an active verb.

this, -- This English objective pronoun is added and not in the Greek source.   In Greek, pronoun objects are not repeated after each verb because they are implied by their first occurrence.

you -- This is from the previous pronoun.

did -- This helping verb is used to create questions, commands, negative statements, and smooth word flow in English, but the Greek could be either a question or a statement.

not -- (CW) The Greek word for "not" is an adverb that means "not at all" or "no even." As a conjunction, it works as both parts of the "neither/nor" constructions.

repent  - (WW) The word translated as "repented" here is a misreading of a word that looks like the word for "repented" in Matthew 21:30, which isn't the common word translated as repent, but this isn't either word. This word starts the same, but changes only a single letter, which makes it means to "take care of" or "manage." Both come from the root of "to care about" but one is the feeling and the other is the action or responsibility for doing it.

missing "by/for yourselves"-- (WV) A phrase is necessary because the form of the previous verb is a middle voice, which means that the subject is to  act on "yourselves," "for yourselves" or "by yourselves."

 and -- (IW) There is nothing that can be translated as "the" in the Greek source.

missing "afterwards"  -- (MW) The untranslated word  "afterward," means "later," "last," "coming after," "after" (in Time), "posterior," "inferior," and "extremely." It is technically an adjective, but it works like an adjective.

missing "the"  -- (MW) The untranslated word  "the" is the Greek definite article. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more. This word, however, is not the "that" that introduces a statement of fact or cause. The form is genitive that requires the addition of a preposition in English.  The most common is the "of" of possession. However, it can also mean "belonging to," "part of," "which is," "than" (in comparisons), or  "for," "concerning" or "about" with transitive verbs.

believe-- (WF) The Greek word translated as "believed" does not apply to religious belief as much as it does trusting in other people, especially their word. Jesus usually uses it in contexts, as the one here, that apply to trusting words. This is an infinitive, which, when introduced by an article acts like a verb describing the action of the verb. Here, these sense is "the trusting."

him -- The word translated as "him" is the Greek word commonly translated as third-person pronouns in English.