Whether  - The word translated as "whether" means "anyone" or "someone." In a question, it can mean "who," "why," or "what."

of  - (CW) The Greek preposition translated as "of" means "out of" of "from." In Greek, they use the genitive case instead of a preposition for the types of phrases that usually begin with "of."

them -- (WW) The word translated as "them" is the Greek definite article. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more. 

twain  - "Twain" is from the number "two" preceded by an article, "the two." The Greek word for "two" means "two," "pair," or a "couple."

did  - The Greek word translated as "did" has the primary meaning of "making" or producing" something or "causing" or "rendering" as service. In this context, "perform" comes closest in English.

the  - The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more. 

will  - The word translated as "will" means what someone wants or desires as well as the "will" of character. It mostly means what one wishes or has determined shall be done. It also means a desire or a choice.

of -- This word "of"  comes from the genitive case of the following word that requires the addition of a preposition in English.  The most common is the "of" of possession.

his -- (WW) The word translated as "his" is the Greek definite article. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more. The "the" here makes this line also apply to the Divine father.

father?  - "Father" is the from the common word that Christ uses to address his own father, though it can mean any male ancestor. There is no "his" appearing in the Greek source. It is simple "the father."

Verily -- The word translated as "verily" is from the Hebrew word that means "truly" or "certainly," but it sounds like the Greek word with the same meaning. In Greek, the word also means "to reap." See this article discussing this "amen phrase."

I -- This is from the first-person, singular form of the following verb.

say -- The word translated as "say" is the most common word that means "to say," and "to speak," but it also means "to teach," which seems to be the way Christ uses it more frequently. It also has many ancillary meanings such as "to count" ("to number" or like we might say, "to recount" a story) or "to choose for yourself." Christ usually uses this word to refer to his own speaking or teaching.

unto -- This word "unto" comes from the dative case of the following word that requires the addition of a preposition in English, but the translator must decide which preposition to use: a "to" as an indirect object.

you,  -- The Greek pronoun "you" here is plural and in the form of an indirect object, "to you," "for you," etc.

That  - -- The word translated as "that" introduces a statement of fact or cause, "for what," "because," "since," and "wherefore."

the - The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more. 

publicans  - The Greek term translated as "publican" means "farmer" and "tax collector." by Jesus's time, they were not tax farmers, that is, private individuals who bought the right to collect taxes. They worked directly for Rome, but the term "farmer" seems to have stuck. Historically, these people were both rich and notoriously corrupt, especially as tax farmers, and they were made into government employees to reform them. They also seem to be associated with having lavish parties. When Christ is accused of being a drunk and a glutton, this idea is supported by the fact he is a friend with tax-collectors.

and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis ("also").

the - The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more. 

harlots " - The harlots" is from the Greek word that means "prostitute." It is from a verb that means "for sale," "bought," and "ruined."

go  - (CW) "Go...before" is from a Greek verb which means to "lead forward," "lead on," "persuade," "lead the way," and "go before." The play on meaning here between "lead on" and "lead the way." It is not the verb usually translated as "go" but a compound word with a root usually translated as "brought." This is the present tense, so the listener had no way to expect what follows.

into  - -- The word translated as "unto" means "into" a place, "towards" as a direction, "in regards to" a subject, and "up to" limits in time and measure.

the - The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article. The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those") than the English "the." See this article for more. 

kingdom  - The word translated as "kingdom" can be the region, the reign, the castle or the authority of a ruler. Christ does not seem to use it to mean a physical region, so its translation as "reign" or "realm" seems more appropriate. This is especially true because the "reign" of a king means the execution of his will.

of -- This word "of"  comes from the genitive case of the following word that requires the addition of a preposition in English.  The most common is the "of" of possession.

missing "the"  -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more. 

God -- The word translated as "God" means "God" and "deity." It is introduced with an article, so "the God," "the Divine" or "the divine one." Jesus often uses it this way perhaps to indicate the one God as opposed to the pagan gods.

before -- This is from the prefix of the previous verb that means "before" or "in front."

you.  - -- The "you" here is the second-person, plural pronoun in the form of an object.