Now -- (WW)  The word translated as "now" means "but" because it joins phrases in an adversarial way. Since it always falls in the second position, translating it as "however" often captures its feeling better. When used in writing, it creates complex sentences, but when spoken, it makes a good pausing point so that an important or humorous word can follow.

learn  - "Learn" is a word that means "to learn especially by experience or study." This is consistent with the different verb used below to translate as "you see."

this -- The word translated as "this" is the Greek definite article, "the" which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more.  There is no indefinite article "a" in Greek, but when a word doesn't have a definite article, the indefinite article can be added in English translation.

lesson -- (CW) "Lesson" is translated from a Greek word that means "comparison," "illustration," and "analogy." It is most often translated in the NT as "parable" but occasionally as "comparison." This word is introduced by a definitive article, so "the analogy."

from --  The word translated as "from " means "from" and "out of" in both location and when referring to a source. This is not a description of the parable, but an independent clause that begins the sentence.

the -- The word translated as "the" is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more. 

fig tree; -- The word for "fig tree" means "fig tree." In ancient times, figs were a symbol for abundance.

As   - (WW) The "as" word here means "when" and "since." And since it is immediately followed by the word translated as "yet," a word that actually means proximity in time, the sense is "since right after."

soon as -- (WW) "Soon as " is a Greek adverb meaning "already," "by this time," "forthwith," "after," "immediately," and "now." It means proximity in time, but also place.

its -- The word translated as "its" is the Greek word commonly translated as third-person pronouns in English.   This pronoun follows the noun so "of his."

missing "the" -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article, which usually precedes a noun and, without a noun, takes the meaning of "the one." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more. 

twigs  - (WW) The word for "branch" means a new shoot of a tree as well as any type of branches, such as branches of learning. Notice, it is not plural but singular, so its seems to refer to a shoot of a tree, a new tree, rather than its branches. Fig trees are started from cuttings, that is, a spout is cut from a tree and planted. This is why this particular tree is used as an example here.

get --  The word translated as "get" means "to become," that is, to enter into a new state. In Greek, especially as used by Jesus, it is the opposite of "being," which is existence in the current state. This word indicates a transformation. For events, it mean "happen."

tender, The word translated as "tender" also means "soft to the touch," and "delicate." This section of verses generally contrasts the hard, cold, and dark with the soft, warm, and light.

and -- The Greek word translated as "and" is used as the conjunction "and," but it also is used to add emphasis ("also"). In a series, it is can be translated as "not only...but also." After words implying sameness "as."

its -- (WW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article, "the." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more. 

leaves,  - (WF) The word for "leaves" means "leaf," "foliage," "flower," "petals," and generally, "plant."

come out-- (WW) "Come out" is from a Greek word that means "generate," produce," "bear," "grow," and "engender." Jesus only uses it three times.

you -- This is from the third-person, plural form of the following verb.

know The Greek verb translated as "know" means "to learn to know," "to know by reflection or observation," and "to perceive." It is not the ordinary form of knowing, but specifically gaining understanding by learning.

that "That" is translated from a Greek word that means "that" "because," and "since."

missing "the" -- (MW) The untranslated word is the Greek definite article, "the." The Greek article is much closer to our demonstrative pronouns ("this," "that," "these," "those"). See this article for more. 

summer -- (CW) The word for "summer" primarily means "harvest" in Greek. We might think that the new leaves on the fig tree means "spring," but since the reference is to the propagation of a fig tree, it would start growing at harvest time. A little about the propagation of figs: typically, cutting are taken before the winter and growing out of the ground through the winter (to protect from cold) and planted in the spring. Figs are a technically a reed bush, not a tree, growing fruit only from new growth from the previous year.

is -- There is no verb "is" here in the Greek. However, when noun and pronouns appear in the form of a subject without a verb, the verb "to be" is assumed.

near: -- The adverb translated as "near" means near in time or distance.